1,721,030 research outputs found
Il suicidio. Analisi epistemologica del fenomeno e studio sperimentale dell’espressione dei fattori neurotrofici BDNF e GDNF nell’encefalo di soggetti deceduti in seguito ad atto suicidario.
Get PDFIl suicidio rappresenta un importante problema di salute pubblica la cui
neurobiologia non è ancora pienamente compresa. In molti casi, il
comportamento suicidario e i disturbi psichiatrici sono collegati, in particolar
modo è stato dimostrato uno stretto legame con la depressione maggiore.
Un'ipotesi fisiopatologica emergente sottolinea in tal campo il ruolo dei fattori
neurotrofici, proteine coinvolte nella neurogenesi, nella plasticità sinaptica in
risposta a stress. Il presente lavoro di tesi ha lo scopo di valutare il grado di
espressione del fattore neurotrofico cerebrale (BDNF) nelle aree cerebrali
coinvolte nel disturbo depressivo in soggetti con tendenze suicide. Inoltre, viene
valutata anche l'espressione del fattore neurotrofico derivato da linee cellulari
gliali (GDNF) in soggetti suicidari. Sono stati selezionati venti casi di soggetti
deceduti a seguito di atto suicidario, di cui sei sani e quattordici con patologia
psichiatrica nota, comparati con dieci controlli di individui deceduti per altre
ragioni. Per tutti i casi e i controlli selezionati, sono state individuate quattro aree
encefaliche (corteccia prefrontale, giro del cingolo, nuclei della base ed
ippocampo) sulle quali sono state effettuate indagini istologiche ed
immunoistochimiche con un pannello di anticorpi contro gli antigeni BDNF e
GDNF. I risultati mostrano che il BDNF è stato sottoespresso nel parenchima
cerebrale dei soggetti morti per suicidio rispetto a controlli, mentre c'è stata una sovraespressione di GDNF nelle vittime di suicidio
Il comportamento organizzativo nelle strutture sanitarie: relazioni interpersonali e valorizzazione delle persone
No full textGli studi sul comportamento organizzativo, per la loro multidisciplinarietà,
mostrano di avere le categorie concettuali e gli strumenti metodologici per
comprendere le determinanti del comportamento delle persone nelle organizzazioni.
Le organizzazioni sanitarie sono uno dei più fertili campi d’indagine degli studi
di comportamento organizzativo. Una gestione efficace del personale è essenziale per
la competitività di un’organizzazione sanitaria, per l’importanza che le persone come
principale risorsa hanno per la sopravvivenza dell’organizzazione.
Il percorso seguito dagli autori coniuga il rigore scientifico del quadro concettuale
e teorico con un approccio di ricerca basato su casi operativi ed esperienze specifiche
del settore: gli argomenti trattati sono corroborati da box, esempi e casi studio
riguardanti la realtà sanitaria.
Le tematiche del comportamento organizzativo, quali motivazione, clima, benessere,
soddisfazione lavorativa e creatività, sono declinate con differenti prospettive
nei diversi capitoli del volume.
Il volume si propone di trasferire a studiosi e professionisti della sanità la conoscenza
dei motivi per cui le persone si comportano in un certo modo nell’organizzazione
e dei meccanismi di miglioramento delle prestazioni individuali e collettive
Organizzazioni sanitarie: dal design al management
No full textLe organizzazioni sanitarie, per effetto del mutamento degli assetti competitivi e della accelerazione dell’evoluzione tecnologica, sono chiamate a confrontarsi con le problematiche di progettazione e di regolazione e stanno evolvendo nella direzione di una identità complessa formata da componenti e regole che sono simultaneamente “istituzionali” e “tecniche”.
Assumere come prospettiva di analisi delle condizioni di funzionamento dei sistemi e delle organizzazioni sanitarie quella fornita dall’Organizzazione aziendale, significa cogliere le specificità di funzionamento di queste strutture e proporre uno schema interpretativo utile a migliorare i processi di tutela della salute e a orientare l’azione di coloro che hanno la responsabilità di guidare sistemi e organizzazioni della sanità verso il conseguimento dei fini istituzionali.
La proposta che si sviluppa nel volume si basa sull’assunto che nel processo di progettazione organizzativa delle aziende sanitarie pubbliche i criteri progettuali ispirati alla razionalità economica sono proposti dal management, tenuto conto anche delle regole poste da attori esterni, quali enti di regolazione, contesto e ordini professionali.
Il percorso seguito dagli autori coniuga il rigore scientifico del quadro concettuale e teorico con un approccio di ricerca basato su casi operativi: gli argomenti trattati sono stati corroborati da box, esempi e casi studio riguardanti la realtà sanitaria
Illegal firm behaviour and environmental hazard: The case of waste disposal
Get PDFThis study provides an analysis of illegal waste disposal examining how and why it occurs, with a focus on illegal industrial dumping. Organizational resource dependency theory and the bad barrel theory are used as conceptual frameworks to highlight the reasons leading firms to engage in illegal waste disposal, influenced by the firm's operational environment and characteristics, and how firms make use of it. The effects of environmental resource dependency variables and micro variables in terms of the hazard level associated with illegal waste disposal were tested separately and jointly by means of logistic regressions. Environmental resource dependency is found to be a powerful driver of the behaviour of firms, both independently and combined with certain organizational factors, with an impact on the hazardousness of illegal waste disposal. The policy implications of the findings are discussed, and a number of suggestions for preventing illegal dumping are put forward
Efficienza e flessibilità nelle reti: un’indagine sul sistema sanitario italiano
No full textIl lavoro presenta uno studio sul sistema sanitario italiano, che presenta i caratteri di efficienza e flessibilità delle reti in ambito sanitario
Institutional Logics and Digital Innovations in Healthcare Organizations in Response to Crisis
Get PDFIn all countries with advanced welfare systems, healthcare organizations operate in complex institutional systems, which define their space of autonomy in relation to health policy choices and affect their strategic choices, organizational design and management. Healthcare systems are a particularly fruitful context in which to examine how a range of contrasting norms and practices shape innovation. They are in fact confronted with multiple values and demands and the challenge is to simultaneously enhance the quality and reduce the costs of care. The paper examines how competing institutional logics shape innovation development through the use of digital technologies in healthcare organizations responding to emerging events, such as Covid-19 pandemic. Specifically, we adopt an institutional logics perspective to provide insight into the process of innovation, with a focus on the role of telemedicine. The need for social distancing and minimal physical contact challenged and interrupted hospital practices and, in response, digital technologies lead to new processes and services. Remote audio-visual functionality of digital technologies were appropriated in different ways, as stakeholders (state actors, managers, health professionals, and family members) sought to improvise and enhance the protection of persons concerned. Through remote monitoring of patients, telehealth works as a preventative measure to avoid admissions and is therefore a carrier of the managerialist logic of reducing costs by enabling, at the same time, a fast and accurate response to patients’ needs
Accidental identification of peritoneal encapsulation during an autopsy after a car accident
No full textPeritoneal encapsulation is a rare congenital pathological condition. Typical of this pathology is the presence of an accessory peritoneal flap that encloses the entire mass of the small intestine. Subjects with this condition often do not show symptoms and, in most cases, finding of it is accidental. We report a case of peritoneal encapsulation, not previously identified and found during an autopsy; the deceased, positive for HIV and affected by a Kaposi’s sarcoma, died following a road accident. Unlike other cases in the literature, the peritoneum encapsulated all abdominal organs and not only small intestines. Notwithstanding, there were no signs of intestinal ischaemia or intestinal obstruction
Binge-eating episode as a direct cause of death in a young individual without eating disorder
No full textBinge eating is characterised by the ingestion of large quantities of food in a short time. Cases in the literature deal exclusively with gastric perforation in people with a history of anorexia nervosa, binge eating disorder or bulimia nervosa. We report the case of a young woman with no previous diagnosis of mental illness and a history of only two binge-eating episodes that occurred a few years earlier. She died suddenly during a binge-eating episode from stomach rupture resulting from a single perforation of the stomach with leakage of food material within the abdominal cavity. There was no sign of gastric necrosis or peritonitis. The deceased died quickly. Our case, which appears unique in the literature, shows that there is a risk of death even in people with no diagnosis of eating disorders and a history of only few and isolated binge-eating episodes. Physicians should carefully investigate a patient's history to assess any risks
Implementations and strategies of telehealth during COVID-19 outbreak: a systematic review
Get PDFBACKGROUND: Telehealth is an effective option to fight the outbreak of COVID-19. This review aims to systematically characterize the utilization and applications of telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic focusing mainly on technology implementations. METHODS: This study was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The literature search was conducted in Science Direct, IEEE XPLORE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases from January 2020 until July 2021, with an English language restriction. A quality assessment was based on the Critical Appraisal Skills Programs checklist. RESULTS: The included studies focused on the implementation of technology for telehealth, multidisciplinary approach, service satisfaction, guidelines, and medical training. They provided illustrative insight into the strategy of telehealth in different medical specialties, such as pediatric gastroenterology, oncology, ophthalmology, and laryngology. Nonsurgical specialties had the greatest number of telehealth visits. Clinicians showed positive attitudes toward the implementation of video telehealth visits; patients report high levels of satisfaction with this care and strong interest in continuing this modality as a significant portion of clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review provided an illustrative insight into the strategy of telehealth for different purposes. According to our findings, telehealth may be used in different medical area with a clear strategy of intervention according to patients’ and doctors’ needs. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-022-08235-4
The resilience of the regional ecosystems: Healthcare-service organizations, public agents and communities in times of Covid-19
Get PDFThe aim of this study is to compare regional ecosystems’ resilience in terms of their ability to contain the spread of Covid-19. This is carried out through institutional measures as well as through spontaneous community behaviour in order to preserve public health and the institutional actions to strengthen the health-care system in dealing with the pandemic. The discussion is framed through the institutional approach. We develop a twostep method. In the first step, regions have been clustered by considering the kind of response to Covid-19, in terms of formal and informal rules. In the second step a random effect panel regression analysis was performed in order to define the effect of the single response variable to Covid-19 on the resilience index over time. Implications for policy makers are then discussed.
The first is that coping with a regional emergency requires taking into account regional specificities.
Strictly imitative models risk being inconsistent with the characteristics of the area, resulting in outputs that are not homogeneous. The second involves social capital, which is crucial to the application of the norms. In regions with high social capital there is a sense of solidarity that presents itself in informal rules aimed at reinforcing the formal rules. However, there is no sense of conformity for the sake of conformance to the standard
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