1,721,275 research outputs found
Child and adolescent well-being: global trends, challenges and opportunities
Full text linkWorld Happiness Report 2024: Chapter 3
Semiparametric estimation of probabilistic index models : efficiency and bias
No full textMany well-known rank tests can be viewed as score tests under probabilistic index models (PIMs), that is, regression models for the conditional probability that the outcome of one randomly chosen subject exceeds the outcome of another independently chosen subject. PIMs provide a natural regression framework for nonparametric rank tests. In addition, PIMs supplement these tests with effect sizes and ease the development of more flexible tests, such as tests that allow for covariate adjustment. Inferences for PIMs are currently based on an estimator, referred to as the standard estimator, that is derived heuristically. By appealing to semiparametric theory and a Hoeffding decomposition, we rigorously derive the class of all consistent and asymptotically normal estimators for the parameters indexing a PIM. We identify the (locally) semiparametric efficient estimator in this class, and derive a second estimator with a smaller second-order finite-sample bias. The properties of the estimators are evaluated theoretically and empirically. The heuristic standard estimator turns out to be the preferred estimator in practice, because it is computationally superior to both the efficient and the bias-reduced estimators, and only suffers from a minor loss in efficiency. We also propose a partition strategy to further improve the computational performance of the standard estimator
Sharing meals with others: how sharing meals supports happiness and social connections
Full text linkWorld Happiness Report 2025: Chapter 3
Semiparametric linear transformation models : effect measures, estimators and applications
No full textSemiparametric linear transformation models form a versatile class of regression models with the Cox proportional hazards model being the most well-known member. These models are well studied for right censored outcomes and are typically used in survival analysis. We consider transformation models as a tool for situations with uncensored continuous outcomes where linear regression is not appropriate. We introduce the probabilistic index as a uniform effect measure for the class of transformation models. We discuss and compare three estimators using a working Cox regression model: the partial likelihood estimator, an estimator based on binary generalized linear models and one based on probabilistic index model estimating equations. The latter has a superior performance in terms of bias and variance when the working model is misspecified. For the purpose of illustration, we analyze data that were collected at an urban alcohol and drug detoxification unit
Economic Growth and Childhood Malnutrition in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
No full textISSN:2574-380
Maternal Iron-and-Folic-Acid Supplementation and its Association with Low-birthweight and Neonatal Mortality in India
No full textAbstract Objective: This study assessed intake of iron-and-folic-acid (IFA) tablet/syrup (grouped into none, <100 days of IFA consumption or <100 IFA, and ≥100 days of IFA consumption or ≥100 IFA) among prospective mothers and its association with various stages of low-birthweight (ELBW: extremely low-birthweight, VLBW: very low-birthweight, and LBW: low-birthweight) and neonatal mortality (death during day 0-1, 2-6, 7-27, and 0-27) in India. Design: The cross-sectional, nationally representative, 2015-2016 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) data were used. Weighted descriptive analysis, and multiple binary logistic regression modelling were used. Setting: NFHS-4 covered 640 districts from 37 states/ union territories of India. Participants: A total of 120,374 and 143,675 index children aged 0-59 months were included to analyse LBW and neonatal mortality, respectively. Results: Overall, 30.7% mothers consumed ≥100 IFA in 2015-2016, and this estimate ranged from 0.0% in Zunheboto district of Nagaland state to 89.5% in Mahe district of Puducherry of India. Multiple regression analysis revealed that children of mothers who consumed ≥100 IFA had lower odds of ELBW, VLBW, LBW, and neonatal mortality during day 0-1, as compared to mothers who did not buy/receive any IFA. Consumption of IFA (<100 IFA and ≥100 IFA) had protective association with neonatal death during day 7-27, and 0-27. Consumption of IFA was not associated with neonatal death during day 2-6. Conclusions: While ≥100 IFA consumption during pregnancy was found to be associated with preventing select types of LBW and neonatal mortality, a large variation in coverage of ≥100 IFA consumption across 640 districts is concerning.Abstract Objective: This study assessed intake of iron-and-folic-acid (IFA) tablet/syrup (grouped into none, <100 days of IFA consumption or <100 IFA, and ≥100 days of IFA consumption or ≥100 IFA) among prospective mothers and its association with various stages of low-birthweight (ELBW: extremely low-birthweight, VLBW: very low-birthweight, and LBW: low-birthweight) and neonatal mortality (death during day 0-1, 2-6, 7-27, and 0-27) in India. Design: The cross-sectional, nationally representative, 2015-2016 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) data were used. Weighted descriptive analysis, and multiple binary logistic regression modelling were used. Setting: NFHS-4 covered 640 districts from 37 states/ union territories of India. Participants: A total of 120,374 and 143,675 index children aged 0-59 months were included to analyse LBW and neonatal mortality, respectively. Results: Overall, 30.7% mothers consumed ≥100 IFA in 2015-2016, and this estimate ranged from 0.0% in Zunheboto district of Nagaland state to 89.5% in Mahe district of Puducherry of India. Multiple regression analysis revealed that children of mothers who consumed ≥100 IFA had lower odds of ELBW, VLBW, LBW, and neonatal mortality during day 0-1, as compared to mothers who did not buy/receive any IFA. Consumption of IFA (<100 IFA and ≥100 IFA) had protective association with neonatal death during day 7-27, and 0-27. Consumption of IFA was not associated with neonatal death during day 2-6. Conclusions: While ≥100 IFA consumption during pregnancy was found to be associated with preventing select types of LBW and neonatal mortality, a large variation in coverage of ≥100 IFA consumption across 640 districts is concerning
A cross-sectional study of cardiovascular disease risk clustering at different socio-geographic levels in India
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