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Menschliche Einflussgrößen auf das Pamba-Becken (Kerala, Indien) und ihre Auswirkungen auf das Ökosystem des südlichen Vembanad Ästuars - eine Wasserscheidenbetrachtung.
No full textAnthropogenic inputs nowadays are the major source of nutrients leading to cultural eutrophication in the coastal aquatic systems. While river inputs of anthropogenic nutrients into coastal seas is considered a global problem, the database is biased towards temperate regions, developed countries and major river systems. Little is known on the amount and composition of nutrient fluxes from densely populated catchments in tropical regions and, in particular from small- and medium-sized rivers. The South Indian Pamba River is a prime example in this respect because of its manifold human interventions such as the Sabarimala pilgrimage, the largest pilgrim centre in the world, agricultural practices and sewage disposal. The goals of this study were (i) to define cause-effect relationships by assessing the effect of various human interventions such as the pilgrims, agriculture and sewage disposal in combination with the seasonal variations in hydrology on the nutrients and organic matter composition (ii) to quantify land use specific nutrient inputs (iii) to assess the respective impacts in the Pamba River and (iv) to understand the ecological consequences in the Vembanad estuary. The Pamba River and the Vembanad estuary were sampled from March 2010 to February 2012. 9 sampling campaigns were carried out to cover the south west monsoon (SWM, May/June 2010), north east monsoon (NEM, October to December 2011) and pre monsoon (PM, March/April 2010 and January/February 2012). A socioeconomic survey on agricultural practices was conducted to collect information on the type, time and quantity of fertilizer application during November 2011. Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) was the dominant form of N and accounted for 99% of the total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) pool in the Pamba River. Land use specific cause-effect relationships were identified for the Pamba catchment. The global maximum DON concentration (29,302 µM) and yield (745 kg ha-1 yr-1) in the Pamba River were due to the pilgrim activities, high population density, agricultural and livestock farming as well as the lack of infrastructure for sanitation facilities. Domestic sewage inputs (26 kg ha-1 yr-1) introduced into the Pamba catchment was an order of magnitude higher than the other human impacted world rivers. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) was dominated by ammonium (NH4 ) due to the effluents from pilgrim activities in the upstream temple region, while nitrate (NO3-) was the major N species in the downstream agriculture segments. DIN yields in the Pamba River were lower in agriculture segments with systematic fertilizer management, i.e. in the paddy and rubber dominated regions, than in the settlement with mixed tree crop (SMT) regions where farmers tend to apply more fertilizer than required by the plants because of a lack of knowledge. Annual NPK fertilizer inputs in the catchment were 95 kg ha-1 yr-1, of which 13% of total N as DIN and 1% of phosphate-P reached the river mouth. The average yield for the Pamba catchment amounted to 3.5 kg ha-1 yr-1 of DIN and 0.2 kg ha-1 yr-1 of phosphate-P (PO43--P). Seasonal variations in hydrology exhibited marked changes in the dissolved nutrients and organic matter loading in the Pamba River, i.e. the loads were high during the SWM and NEM compared to the PM. Suspended organic matter were mainly composed of planktonic as indicated by high chlorophyll a values (0.7 to 34.2 µg L-1) and terrestrial sources in the Pamba River. High nutrient concentrations were observed in the Vembanad estuarine region receiving direct inputs from the upstream catchments, thereby exhibiting signs of eutrophication. Phytoplankton abundance was high in the upper estuary and ranged between 1,513 to 3,552 cells L-1 and < 900 cells L-1 in the mid and lower estuary. Uptake by the phytoplankton and water hyacinth (Eichhornia sp.) in the Vembanad estuary were the major sink of the nutrients in the Vembanad estuary. From this study it is evident that the lack of technological investments not only affects the drinking water and river biodiversity, but also has a huge impact on the riverine nutrient concentrations. These results suggest that installation of adequate sanitation measures for waste disposal and treatment together with improved agricultural and animal management practices could strongly reduce the anthropogenic nutrient inputs into the Pamba River and in turn leads to less impact in the receiving Vembanad estuary. This study also underscores the need for more regional scale quantitative studies from densely-populated tropical river catchments in order to improve global nutrient budgets and the assessment of the consequences of anthropogenic nutrient inputs into coastal aquatic systems
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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