66 research outputs found
Nist role in radiometric calibrations for remote sensing programs at NASA, NOAA, DOE and DOD
No full textCryogenic blackbody calibrations attheNational Institute of Standards and Technology Low Background Infrared Calibration Facility
No full textThe Low Background Infrared Calibration Facility (LBIR) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology has been in operation for calibration measurements of the radiant power emitted from infrared radiation (IR) sources, such as cryogenic blackbodies, for more than 2 years. The IR sources are sent to NIST by customers from industry, government, and university laboratories. An absolute cryogenic radiometer is used as the standard detector to measure the total radiant power at its aperture. The low background is provided by a closed cycle helium refrigeration system that maintains the inner parts of the calibration chamber at 20 K. The radiance temperature of the blackbody is deduced from the measured power and compared with the blackbody temperature sensor data. The calibration procedures and data analysis are illustrated using the measurements of a typical blackbody
Statistical interpretation of key comparison reference value and degrees of equivalence
No full textKey comparisons carried out by the Consultative Committees (CCs) of the International Committee of Weights and Measures (CIPM) or the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) are referred to as CIPM key comparisons. The outputs of a statistical analysis of the data from a CIPM key comparison are the key comparison reference value, the degrees of equivalence, and their associated uncertainties. The BIPM publications do not discuss statistical interpretation of these outputs. We discuss their interpretation under the following three statistical models: nonexistent laboratory-effects model, random laboratory-effects model, and systematic laboratory-effects model
Albert C. Parr
No full textAlbert C. Parr
Inducted: 2011
Citation: For technical leadership in the establishment of a national measurement system for radiometry and photometry based upon absolute detectors.
Tenure: 1980-2007
Birth: 1942, Tooele, Utah
Education:
Oregon State University, BS (Mathematics) and BS (Physics), 1964
University of Chicago, MS (Physics), 1965
University of Chicago, PhD (Physics), 1971
Positions held:
Physicist, Radiation Physics Division, Center for Radiation Research, NML, 1980-1986
Leader, Spectral Radiometry Group, Radiometric Physics Division, Center for Radiation Research, NML, 1986-1991
Chief, Radiometric Physics Division/Optical Technology Division, Physics Laboratory, 1991-2007
NIST Guest Researcher, Physics Laboratory, 2007-Present
Honors:
US Department of Commerce Gold Medal (2003)
Fellow, American Physical Society (1997)
Washington Academy of Sciences Physical Sciences Award (2006)
Memberships:
Member, American Physical Society (APS), Optical Society of America (OSA), International Council on Illumination (CIE)
NIST Liaison, Council for Optical Radiation Measurements (CORM) Board of Directors
International Advisory Committee for NEWRAD (New Developments in Optical Radiometry) Conference
NIST Representative, Consultative Committee for Photometry and Radiometry (CCPR)
Chair, CCPR Working Group on Key Comparisons
Publications:
More than 115 publications including:
Parr, A.C., Datla, R.U., and Gardner, J.L., editors, �Optical Radiometry,� Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam (2005)
Parr, A.C., A National Measurement System for Radiometry, Photometry, and Pyrometry Based Upon Absolute Detectors NIST Technical Note 1421 (1996)
Parr, A.C., et al., �Selective Population of Spin-orbit Levels in the Autoionization of a Polyatomic Molecule: Branching Ratios and Asymmetry Parameters for the Tanaka-Ogawa Rydberg Series in CO2,� J. Chem. Phys. 100, 8768 (1994)
Parr, A.C. and Datla, R.U., �Introduction to Optical Radiometry,� Optical Radiometry, ed. by A.C. Parr, et al. Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam, pp. 1-34 (2005)
Parr, A.C., Fowler, J.B., and Ebner, S., �Low Background Infrared Calibration Facility at the National Bureau of Standards,� Proceeding SPIE 940 (SPIE, Bellingham, WA) p 26 (1988)
Parr, A.C., �Determination of the Constants of Total Radiation From a Black Body,� in Century of Excellence in Measurements, Standards, and Technology: a Chronicle of Selected NBS/NIST Publications 1901-2000, ed. by D.R. Lide, NIST Special Publication 958 (2001
From feather to computer
No full textThe article accentuates readers' attention on the problem of the reduction of the speech culture that had appeared because of «global computerizing». The author sees the solution of the problem of the given situation in teaching pupils and student-philologists the basic foundation of the computer editing. In this connection the author reviews the textbook «Correction and Desktop publishing» by T.A. Gridina, R.U. Shebalov
Future Trends in Factory Automation
No full textThis paper is a review of contemporary manufacturing technology, from both a U.S. and world perspective. It emphasizes the historical background current trends toward computerized automation in terms of the increasing societal demands for performance, which in turn generates requirements for ever greater complexity and precision. This is the root of the "quality crisis". The author believes that the next industrial revolution is a fundamental shift from the use of human workers as "micro" decision-making (machine controllers) in factors to the use of "smart sensors" for this purpose. The paper elaborates some of the more specific implications
(1) Future Trends in Factory Automation, (2) Technology Forecasts for CIM
No full text(1) This paper is a review of contemporary manufacturing technology, from both a U.S. and world perspective. It emphasizes the historical background of the current trends toward computerized automation in terms of the increasing societal demands for performance, which in turn generates requirements for ever greater complexity and precision. This is the root of the "quality crisis." The author believes that the next industrial revolution will present a fundamental shift from the use of human workers as "micro" decision makers (machine controllers) in factors to the use of "smart sensors" for this purpose. The paper elaborates some of the more specific implications.
(2) The second part of this report identifies a number of aggregated ("top down") measures of technological capability and penetration for CIM and discusses the problems of forecasting. The four proposed measures discussed in detail are as follows: 1.) Capital flexibility: the ratio of software costs to total invested capital; 2.) Machine utilization as a fraction of a 24-hour day (to reflect unmanned operations); 3.) Fraction of NC tools that are not 'stand-alone' but are controlled by higher level computers; and 4.) Order-to-delivery time. Rough estimates of recent and likely progress in the first three measures are given
Complexity, Reliability, and Design: Manufacturing Implications (Revised Version)
No full textA major component of IIASA's Technology-Economy-Society (TES) Program is a project to assess "Computer Integrated Manufacturing" (CIM), by which is meant the whole range of application of computers to discrete parts manufacturing and assembly. The various familiar acronyms and buzzwords, such as NC, CNC, DNC, CAD/CAM robotics, FMS, "group technology" and MRP all fit under the broad CIM umbrella. The present paper is the first to be generated, at least in part, under the project. (In fact, an earlier draft was written while the author was at Carnegie-Mellon University). The paper presents some interesting and new ideas about the nature of the forces driving the worldwide trend toward flexible automation. It suggests, in brief, that the demand for CIM arises from what Nathan Rosenberg has termed as "mismatch", i.e. a problem that was created, in effect, by technological progress itself. In this case the "problem" is that defects in manufacturing have become intolerable. The reason for that is that demand for higher and higher levels of product performance, over many decades, has required orders-of-magnitude increases in mechanical complexity, on the one hand, and higher precision, on the other. To satisfy these high standards requires a level of error control that increasingly precludes the use of human workers in direct contact with workpieces as they move through the manufacturing system.
This working paper is being made available more widely to stimulate discussion and comment. We hope that it will succeed in that regard
Pentachlorophenol removal from slightly acidic mineral salts, commercial sand, and clay soil by recovered Arthrobacter strain ATCC 33790
No full textArthrobacter strain ATCC 33790, a pentachlorophenol (PCP)-metabolizer isolated by the author, has been recovered after 10 years of storage. The freeze-dried preparation grown on half-strength Trypticase Soy Broth adapted to utilize PCP within 1 week. Cultures grown on PCP-nutrient agar were found to utilize PCP in mineral salts medium within 2-3 days. The culture was prepared for continuous growth at pH 6.5 by successive feeding of 100-110 mg solid aliquots of PCP to a 1-l culture initially grown at pH 7.4. Continuous culture growth at pH 6.5 was possible on a mineral salts feed containing 1800 ppm PCP. Continuous cultures grown at pH 6.7 on mineral salts feeds containing 500 and 340 mg PCP/l were especially efficient in removing PCP. Less than 4 mg PCP/l were detected in the effluent at dilution rates near washout. In batch culture studies at pH 6.5 the PCP utilization kinetics were found to be similar at low PCP concentration to those at pH 7.4 for the approximately same inoculum size. Utilization of 35 mg PCP/l was very slow at pH 6.0. Growth rates at pH 6.5 at controlled PCP concentration ranges of 5-35 and 75-115 mg/l were 0.09 h-1 and 0.05 h-1, respectively. The ability of strain ATCC 33790 to utilize PCP in mineral salts media containing naphthalene, methylnaphthalenes, and cresols was examined. Naphthalene, 1-, and 2-methylnaphthalenes at their solubility limit, and o- and m-cresols at 900-1000 mg/l prevented utilization of 80-90 mg PCP/l. PCP was rapidly removed from both commercial sand at 30°C and from clay soil at room temperature. Estimated inoculum sizes of 6.6 × 106, 6.6 × 104, and 656 cells/g were found to be effective in removing approximately half the starting amount of PCP from sand in 3, 19, and 42 h, respectively. Nearly complete disappearance of extractable PCP was observed after 1 day in clay soil inoculated with 6 × 106 cells/g
Best practice guidelines for pre-launch characterization and calibration of instruments for passive optical remote sensing
No full textThe pre-launch characterization and calibration of remote sensing instruments should be planned and carried out in conjunction with their design and development to meet the mission requirements. The onboard calibrators such as blackbodies and the sensors such as spectral radiometers should be characterized and calibrated using SI traceable standards. In the case of earth remote sensing, this allows intercomparison and intercalibration of different sensors in space to create global time series of climate records of high accuracy where some inevitable data gaps can be easily bridged. The recommended best practice guidelines for this pre-launch effort is presented based on experience gained at National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) programs over the past two decades. The currently available radiometric standards and calibration facilities at NIST serving the remote sensing community are described. Examples of best practice calibrations and intercomparisons to build SI (international System of Units) traceable uncertainty budget in the instrumentation used for preflight satellite sensor calibration and validation are presented
- …
