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Auditory Attention Detection Dataset KULeuven

Author: Bertrand Alexander
Francart Tom
Das Neetha
Publication venue
Publication date: 30/08/2019
Field of study

<div>***************************************</div> Please cite the original paper where this data set was presented: Biesmans, W., Das, N., Francart, T., & Bertrand, A. (2016). Auditory-inspired speech envelope extraction methods for improved EEG-based auditory attention detection in a cocktail party scenario. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 25(5), 402-412. *************************************** IMPORTANT MESSAGE FROM THE AUTHORS (January 2024): We have observed the widespread utilization of this dataset in numerous research papers, establishing it as a standard benchmark for evaluating novel decoding strategies in auditory attention decoding (AAD). We wish to underscore the vital importance of conducting rigorous cross-validation in such investigations. In the original study by Biesmans et al., which produced this dataset, linear correlation-based methods were employed, and a straightforward random cross-validation sufficed. However, with the recent surge in the application of machine learning techniques, particularly deep neural networks, in tackling the AAD challenge, a more stringent cross-validation approach becomes imperative. Deep networks are susceptible to overfitting to trial-specific patterns in EEG data, even from very brief segments (less than 1 second), leading to the ability to identify the trial source. Since a subject typically maintains attention to the same speaker throughout a trial, having knowledge of the trial effectively results in a perfect attention decoding. We observed that many research papers utilizing our dataset still adhere to the basic random cross-validation method, neglecting the separation of trials into training and testing sets. Consequently, these studies frequently report remarkably high AAD accuracies when using extremely short EEG segments (one or a few seconds). Nevertheless, research has demonstrated that such an approach yields inaccurate and excessively optimistic outcomes. Accuracies often plummet significantly, sometimes even falling below chance levels, when employing a proper cross-validation where this trial bias is removed (e.g., leave-one-trial-out, leave-one-story-out, or leave-one-subject-out cross-validation). This overfitting effect is described in: Corentin Puffay et al., "Relating EEG to continuous speech using deep neural networks: a review", Journal of Neural Engineering 20, 041003, 2023 DOI:10.1088/1741-2552/ace73f   Moreover, it's important to note that AAD strategies which directly classify an EEG snippet, rather than explicitly computing a correlation between the decoder output and the corresponding speech envelopes, may be susceptible to an eye-gaze bias. This bias refers to the tendency of the subject to subtly and often unknowingly direct their gaze towards the attended speaker. Given that EEG equipment can inadvertently capture these gaze patterns, it becomes possible to leverage this gaze information, whether intentionally or unintentionally, to enhance AAD performance. It's crucial to highlight that within this dataset, there are no controls in place to account for or mitigate this eye-gaze bias. This eye-gaze overfitting effects is discussed in: Rotaru et al. "What are we really decoding? Unveiling biases in EEG-based decoding of the spatial focus of auditory attention", Journal of Neural Engineering, vol. 21, 016017, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ad2214. Also available on bioRxiv: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.07.13.548824 *************************************** Explanation about the data set: This work was done at ExpORL, Dept. Neurosciences, KULeuven and Dept. Electrical Engineering (ESAT), KULeuven. This dataset contains EEG data collected from 16 normal-hearing subjects. EEG recordings were made in a soundproof, electromagnetically shielded room at ExpORL, KULeuven. The BioSemi ActiveTwo system was used to record 64-channel EEG signals at 8196 Hz sample rate. The audio signals, low pass filtered at 4 kHz, were administered to each subject at 60 dBA through a pair of insert phones (Etymotic ER3A). The experiments were conducted using the APEX 3 program developed at ExpORL [1]. Four Dutch short stories [2], narrated by different male speakers, were used as stimuli. All silences longer than 500 ms in the audio files were truncated to 500 ms. Each story was divided into two parts of approximately 6 minutes each. During a presentation, the subjects were presented with the six-minutes part of two (out of four) stories played simultaneously. There were two stimulus conditions, i.e., `HRTF' or `dry' (dichotic).  An experiment here is defined as a sequence of 4 presentations, 2 for each stimulus condition and ear of stimulation, with questions asked to the subject after each presentation. All subjects sat through three experiments within a single recording session. An example for the design of an experiment is shown in Table 1 in [3]. The first two experiments included four presentations each.  During a presentation, the subjects were instructed to listen to the story in one ear, while ignoring the story in the other ear. After each presentation, the subjects were presented with a set of multiple-choice questions about the story they were listening to in order to help them stay motivated to focus on the task. In the next presentation, the subjects were presented with the next part of the two stories. This time they were instructed to attend to their other ear. In this manner, one experiment involved four presentations in which the subjects listened to a total of two stories, switching attended ear between presentations. The second experiment had the same design but with two other stories. Note that the Table was different for each subject or recording session, i.e., each of the elements in the table were permuted between different recording sessions to ensure that the different conditions (stimulus condition and the attended ear) were equally distributed over the four presentations. Finally, the third experiment included a set of presentations where the first two minutes of the story parts from the first experiment, i.e., a total of four shorter presentations, were repeated three times, to build a set of recordings of repetitions. Thus, a total of approximately 72 minutes of EEG was recorded per subject.  We refer to EEG recorded from each presentation as a trial. For each subject, we recorded 20 trials - 4 from  the first experiment, 4 from the second experiment, and 12 from the third experiment (first 2 minutes of the 4 presentations from experiment 1 X 3 repetitions). The EEG data is stored in subject specific mat files of the format 'Sx', 'x' referring to the subject number. The audio data is stored as wav files in the folder 'stimuli'. Please note that the stories were not of equal lengths, and the subjects were allowed to finish listening to a story, even in cases where the competing story was over. Therefore, for each trial, we suggest referring to the length of the EEG recordings to truncate the ends of the corresponding audio data. This will ensure that the processed data (EEG and audio) contains only competing talker scenarios. Each trial was high-pass filtered  (0.5 Hz cut off) and downsampled from the recorded sampling rate of 8192 Hz to 128 Hz. Artifacts were removed using the MWF-filtering method in [4]. Please get in touch with the team (of Prof. Alexander Bertrand or Prof. Tom Francart) if you wish to obtain the raw EEG data (without the mentioned high-pass filtering and artifact removal). Each trial (trial*.mat) contains the following information:  RawData.Channels : channel numbers (1 to 64) RawData.EegData :   EEG data (samples X channels) FileHeader.SampleRate : Sampling frequency of the saved data TrialID : a number between 1 to 20, showing the trial number attended_ear : the direction of attention of the subject. 'L' for left, 'R' for right stimuli : cell array with stimuli{1} and stimuli{2} indicating the name of audio files presented in the left ear and the right ear of the subject respectively condition : stimulus presentation condition. 'HRTF' - stimuli were filtered with HRTF functions to simulate audio from 90 degrees to the left and 90 degrees to the right of the speaker, 'dry' - a dichotic presentation in which there was one story track each presented separately via the left and the right earphones. experiment : the number of the experiment (1,2 or 3) part : part of the story track being presented (can be 1 to 4 for experiments 1 and 2, and 1 to 12 for experiment 3) attended_track : the attended story track. '1' for track 1 and '2' for track 2. Each track maintains continuity of the story. In Experiment 1, attention is always to track 1, and in Experiment 2, attention is always to track 2.  repetition : binary variable indicating where the trial is a repetition (of presented stimuli) or not. subject : subject id of the format 'Sx', 'x' being the subject number. The 'stimuli' folder contains wav files of the format: part{part number}_track{track number}_{condition}.wav. Although the folder contains stimuli with HRTF filtering as well, for the analysis, we have assumed knowledge of the original clean stimuli (i.e. stimuli presented under the 'dry' condition), and hence envelopes were extracted only from part{part number}_track{tracknumber}_dry.wav files. The Matlab file 'preprocess_data.m' gives an example of how the synchronization and preprocessing of EEG and audio data can be done as described in [5]. Dependency: AMToolbox. This dataset has been used in [3, 5-14] (not updated anymore).  [1] Francart, T., Van Wieringen, A., & Wouters, J. (2008). APEX 3: a multi-purpose test platform for auditory psychophysical experiments. Journal of neuroscience methods, 172(2), 283-293. [2] Radioboeken voor kinderen, <a href="http://radioboeken.eu/kinderradioboeken.php?lang=NL">http://radioboeken.eu/kinderradioboeken.php?lang=NL</a>, 2007 (Accessed: 30 March 2015) [3] Das, N., Biesmans, W., Bertrand, A., & Francart, T. (2016). The effect of head-related filtering and ear-specific decoding bias on auditory attention detection. Journal of neural engineering, 13(5), 056014. [4] Somers, B., Francart, T., & Bertrand, A. (2018). A generic EEG artifact removal algorithm based on the multi-channel Wiener filter. Journal of neural engineering, 15(3), 036007. [5] Das, N., Vanthornhout, J., Francart, T., & Bertrand, A. (2019). Stimulus-aware spatial filtering for single-trial neural response and temporal response function estimation in high-density EEG with applications in auditory research. bioRxiv 541318; doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/541318">https://doi.org/10.1101/541318</a> [6] Biesmans, W., Das, N., Francart, T., & Bertrand, A. (2016). Auditory-inspired speech envelope extraction methods for improved EEG-based auditory attention detection in a cocktail party scenario. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 25(5), 402-412. [7] Das, N., Van Eyndhoven, S., Francart, T., & Bertrand, A. (2016, August). Adaptive attention-driven speech enhancement for EEG-informed hearing prostheses. In 2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) (pp. 77-80). IEEE. [8] Van Eyndhoven, S., Francart, T., & Bertrand, A. (2016). EEG-informed attended speaker extraction from recorded speech mixtures with application in neuro-steered hearing prostheses. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 64(5), 1045-1056. [9] Das, N., Van Eyndhoven, S., Francart, T., & Bertrand, A. (2017, August). EEG-based attention-driven speech enhancement for noisy speech mixtures using N-fold multi-channel Wiener filters. In 2017 25th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO) (pp. 1660-1664). IEEE. [10] Narayanan, A. M., & Bertrand, A. (2018, July). The effect of miniaturization and galvanic separation of EEG sensor devices in an auditory attention detection task. In 2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) (pp. 77-80). IEEE. [11] Deckers, L., Das, N., Ansari, A. H., Bertrand, A., & Francart, T. (2018). EEG-based detection of the attended speaker and the locus of auditory attention with convolutional neural networks. bioRxiv 475673; doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/475673">https://doi.org/10.1101/475673</a> [12] Narayanan, A. M., & Bertrand, A. (2019). Analysis of miniaturization effects and channel selection strategies for EEG sensor networks with application to auditory attention detection. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. [13] Geirnaert, S., Francart, T., & Bertrand, A. A New Metric to evaluate auditory attention detection performance based on a Markov chain. Accepted for publication in Proc. European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), A Coruna, Spain, Sep. 2019. [14] Geirnaert, S., Francart,T., Bertrand A. (2019). An  Interpretable performance metric for auditory attention decoding algorithms in  a  context  of  neuro-steered  gain  control. bioRxiv 745695; doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/745695">https://doi.org/10.1101/745695</a> This research work was carried out at the ESAT and ExpORL Laboratories of KU Leuven, in the frame of KU Leuven Special Research Fund BOF/ STG-14-005, OT/14/119 and C14/16/057. The work has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No 637424)

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Auditory Attention Detection Dataset KULeuven

Author: Bertrand Alexander
Francart Tom
Das Neetha
Publication venue
Publication date: 30/08/2019
Field of study

This work was done at ExpORL, Dept. Neurosciences, KULeuven and Dept. Electrical Engineering (ESAT), KULeuven. This dataset contains EEG data collected from 16 normal-hearing subjects. EEG recordings were made in a soundproof, electromagnetically shielded room at ExpORL, KULeuven. The BioSemi ActiveTwo system was used to record 64-channel EEG signals at 8196 Hz sample rate. The audio signals, low pass filtered at 4 kHz, were administered to each subject at 60 dBA through a pair of insert phones (Etymotic ER3A). The experiments were conducted using the APEX 3 program developed at ExpORL [1]. Four Dutch short stories [2], narrated by different male speakers, were used as stimuli. All silences longer than 500 ms in the audio files were truncated to 500 ms. Each story was divided into two parts of approximately 6 minutes each. During a presentation, the subjects were presented with the six-minutes part of two (out of four) stories played simultaneously. There were two stimulus conditions, i.e., `HRTF' or `dry' (dichotic). An experiment here is defined as a sequence of 4 presentations, 2 for each stimulus condition and ear of stimulation, with questions asked to the subject after each presentation. All subjects sat through three experiments within a single recording session. An example for the design of an experiment is shown in Table 1 in [3]. The first two experiments included four presentations each. During a presentation, the subjects were instructed to listen to the story in one ear, while ignoring the story in the other ear. After each presentation, the subjects were presented with a set of multiple-choice questions about the story they were listening to in order to help them stay motivated to focus on the task. In the next presentation, the subjects were presented with the next part of the two stories. This time they were instructed to attend to their other ear. In this manner, one experiment involved four presentations in which the subjects listened to a total of two stories, switching attended ear between presentations. The second experiment had the same design but with two other stories. Note that the Table was different for each subject or recording session, i.e., each of the elements in the table were permuted between different recording sessions to ensure that the different conditions (stimulus condition and the attended ear) were equally distributed over the four presentations. Finally, the third experiment included a set of presentations where the first two minutes of the story parts from the first experiment, i.e. a total of four shorter presentations, were repeated three times, to build a set of recordings of repetitions. Thus, a total of approximately 72 minutes of EEG was recorded per subject. We refer to EEG recorded from each presentation as a trial. For each subject, we recorded 20 trials - 4 from the first experiment, 4 from the second experiment, and 12 from the third experiment (first 2 minutes of the 4 presentations from experiment 1 X 3 repetitions). The EEG data is stored in subject specific mat files of the format 'Sx', 'x' referring to the subject number. The audio data is stored as wav files in the folder 'stimuli'. Please note that the stories were not of equal lengths, and the subjects were allowed to finish listening to a story, even in cases where the competing story was over. Therefore, for each trial, we suggest referring to the length of the EEG recordings to truncate the ends of the corresponding audio data. This will ensure that the processed data (EEG and audio) contains only competing talker scenarios. Each trial was high-pass filtered (0.5 Hz cut off) and downsampled from the recorded sampling rate of 8192 Hz to 128 Hz. Each trial (trial*.mat) contains the following information: RawData.Channels: channel numbers (1 to 64). RawData.EegData: EEG data (samples X channels). FileHeader.SampleRate: sampling frequency of the saved data. TrialID: a number between 1 to 20, showing the trial number. attended_ear: the direction of attention of the subject. 'L' for left, 'R' for right. stimuli: cell array with stimuli{1} and stimuli{2} indicating the name of audio files presented in the left ear and the right ear of the subject respectively. condition: stimulus presentation condition. 'HRTF' - stimuli were filtered with HRTF functions to simulate audio from 90 degrees to the left and 90 degrees to the right of the speaker, 'dry' - a dichotic presentation in which there was one story track each presented separately via the left and the right earphones. experiment: the number of the experiment (1, 2, or 3). part: part of the story track being presented (can be 1 to 4 for experiments 1 and 2, and 1 to 12 for experiment 3). attended_track: the attended story track. '1' for track 1 and '2' for track 2. Each track maintains continuity of the story. In Experiment 1, attention is always to track 1, and in Experiment 2, attention is always to track 2. repetition: binary variable indicating where the trial is a repetition (of presented stimuli) or not. subject: subject id of the format 'Sx', 'x' being the subject number. The 'stimuli' folder contains .wav-files of the format: part{part number}_track{track number}_{condition}.wav. Although the folder contains stimuli with HRTF filtering as well, for the analysis, we have assumed knowledge of the original clean stimuli (i.e. stimuli presented under the 'dry' condition), and hence envelopes were extracted only from part{part number}_track{tracknumber}_dry.wav files. The MATLAB file 'preprocess_data.m' gives an example of how the synchronization and preprocessing of the EEG and audio data can be done as described in [14]. Dependency: AMToolbox. This dataset has been used in [3, 5-16]. [1] Francart, T., Van Wieringen, A., & Wouters, J. (2008). APEX 3: a multi-purpose test platform for auditory psychophysical experiments. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 172(2), 283-293. [2] Radioboeken voor kinderen, http://radioboeken.eu/kinderradioboeken.php?lang=NL, 2007 (Accessed: 30 March 2015) [3] Das, N., Biesmans, W., Bertrand, A., & Francart, T. (2016). The effect of head-related filtering and ear-specific decoding bias on auditory attention detection. Journal of Neural Engineering, 13(5), 056014. [4] Somers, B., Francart, T., & Bertrand, A. (2018). A generic EEG artifact removal algorithm based on the multi-channel Wiener filter. Journal of Neural Engineering, 15(3), 036007. [5] Das, N., Vanthornhout, J., Francart, T., & Bertrand, A. (2019). Stimulus-aware spatial filtering for single-trial neural response and temporal response function estimation in high-density EEG with applications in auditory research. NeuroImage 204 (2020) [6] Biesmans, W., Das, N., Francart, T., & Bertrand, A. (2016). Auditory-inspired speech envelope extraction methods for improved EEG-based auditory attention detection in a cocktail party scenario. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 25(5), 402-412. [7] Das, N., Van Eyndhoven, S., Francart, T., & Bertrand, A. (2016). Adaptive attention-driven speech enhancement for EEG-informed hearing prostheses. In Proceedings of the 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 77-80. [8] Van Eyndhoven, S., Francart, T., & Bertrand, A. (2016). EEG-informed attended speaker extraction from recorded speech mixtures with application in neuro-steered hearing prostheses. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 64(5), 1045-1056. [9] Das, N., Van Eyndhoven, S., Francart, T., & Bertrand, A. (2017). EEG-based Attention-Driven Speech Enhancement For Noisy Speech Mixtures Using N-fold Multi-Channel Wiener Filters. In Proceedings of the 25th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), 1660-1664. [10] Narayanan, A. M., & Bertrand, A. (2018). The effect of miniaturization and galvanic separation of EEG sensor devices in an auditory attention detection task. In Proceedings of the 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 77-80. [11] Vandecappelle , S., Deckers, L., Das, N., Ansari, A. H., Bertrand, A., & Francart, T. (2020). EEG-based detection of the locus of auditory attention with convolutional neural networks. bioRxiv 475673; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/475673. [12] Narayanan, A. M., & Bertrand, A. (2019). Analysis of Miniaturization Effects and Channel Selection Strategies for EEG Sensor Networks With Application to Auditory Attention Detection. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 67(1), 234-244. [13] Geirnaert, S., Francart, T., & Bertrand, A. (2019). A New Metric to Evaluate Auditory Attention Detection Performance Based on a Markov Chain. In Proceedings of the 27th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), 1-5. [14] Geirnaert, S., Francart,T., & Bertrand, A. (2020). An Interpretable Performance Metric for Auditory Attention Decoding Algorithms in a Context of Neuro-Steered Gain Control. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 28(1), 307-317. [15] Geirnaert, S., Francart,T., & Bertrand, A. (2020). Fast EEG-based decoding of the directional focus of auditory attention using common spatial patterns. bioRxiv 2020.06.16.154450; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.16.154450. [16] Geirnaert, S., Vandecappelle, S., Alickovic, E., de Cheveigné, A., Lalor, E., Meyer, B.T., Miran, S., Francart, T., & Bertrand, A. (2020). Neuro-Steered Hearing Devices: Decoding Auditory Attention From the Brain. arXiv 2008.04569; doi: arXiv:2008.04569.This research work was carried out at the ESAT and ExpORL Laboratories of KU Leuven, in the frame of KU Leuven Special Research Fund BOF/ STG-14-005, OT/14/119 and C14/16/057. The work has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No 637424)

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Auditory Attention Detection Dataset KULeuven (OLD VERSION)

Author: Bertrand Alexander
Francart Tom
Das Neetha
Publication venue
Publication date: 30/08/2019
Field of study

********************************* Disclaimer: PLEASE DO NOT USE THIS VERSION (Data has been made unavailable) Another version, <a href="../records/4004271">version 2.0.0</a>, of this data set is available <a href="../records/4004271">here</a>, which contains the original data (+ details on the data set). The version published on the current page contains EEG data that has been pre-processed with a data-driven artifact removal procedure on a trial-by-trial basis. This can introduce slight differences across trials that can possibly be exploited by classifiers. Therefore, for proper benchmarking of auditory attention decoding algorithms that can learn to use such cues, it is recommended to NOT use this pre-processed data set, and instead use <a href="../records/4004271">the unprocessed version 1.1.0 (the original data)</a>. ********************************* This  version of the data set was used in Das, N., Vanthornhout, J., Francart, T., & Bertrand, A.  “Stimulus-aware spatial filtering for single-trial neural response and temporal response function estimation in high-density EEG with applications in auditory research.” NeuroImage, Volume 204, 116211, Jan. 2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116211 The results and conclusions in the paper are not affected by the trial-by-trial application of the artifact removal procedure.This research work was carried out at the ESAT and ExpORL Laboratories of KU Leuven, in the frame of KU Leuven Special Research Fund BOF/ STG-14-005, OT/14/119 and C14/16/057. The work has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No 637424)

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Author Instructions

Author: Instructions Author
Publication venue
Publication date: 04/11/2013
Field of study

Crossref

Cartographic Perspectives (E-Journal - North American Cartographic Information Society, NACIS)

Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis

Author: Zhao Dangzhi
Publication venue
Publication date: 01/01/2005
Field of study

The present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed

E-LIS

Variations on the Author

Author: Sayad Cecilia
Publication venue
Publication date: 01/01/2016
Field of study

“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship

Crossref

Kent Academic Repository

Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis

Author: Waltman L.R.
Eck N.J.P. van
Publication venue
Publication date
Field of study

We provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authorsâ€™ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis

Research Papers in Economics

Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts

Author: Zhao Dangzhi
Publication venue
Publication date: 01/01/2006
Field of study

We conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more sophisticated methods

E-LIS

Author Index

Author: Author Index
Publication venue
Publication date
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Nao informado

koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist

Author: koamabayili
Publication venue
Publication date: 19/04/2022
Field of study

We have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used

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