1,720,962 research outputs found
Birds of a Convergent Feather: The Interrelationship between Similarity, Conflict and Cross-group Friendship Potential
No full textI examined whether perceptions of intergroup similarity and conflict interact to predict prejudice and facilitation of an intergroup social interaction as a consequence of physiological linkage – a state correlated with successful social interactions wherein two people's autonomic nervous
systems synch-up in time. Studies 1 and 2a, revealed an association between similarity, conflict and low prejudice. In Study 2b participants completed essays priming similarity and conflict in order to test the indirect effect of their interaction with participants' physiological reactivity on
the success of a dyadic social interaction. Similarity, conflict and physiological reactivity interacted to predict physiological linkage, which in turn moderated the effects of conflict on the success of the social interaction. These results suggest that physiological and social cognitive
processes play key roles in determining the important moment when an outgroup stranger becomes a potential friend.MAS
The Effects of Social Context on Physiological Covariation
Full text linkPhysiological covariation – shared patterns of autonomic physiology between people – has been documented within all social relationships and predicts a variety of interpersonal outcomes. At a basic level, however, there remains uncertainty about how much “social experience” is needed for physiological covariation to occur. The present research addressed this issue by manipulating various facets common to social experiences. Study 1 manipulated social versus nonsocial engagement during cooperative and competitive tasks and examined whether physiological covariation predicts measures of affiliation. Across social contexts, partners exhibited physiological covariation in the sympathetic (SNS) and the parasympathetic (PNS) branches of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). However, whether partners exhibited shared increases versus decreases in autonomic activity differed by social context. Moreover, SNS covariation predicted measures of affiliation and appeared to be predominantly influenced by social processes. Conversely, PNS covariation did not predict measures of affiliation and occurred due to the procedural influences of the task. Studies 2 and 3 addressed, for the first time, what happens when the minimum requirement of two people is exceeded. Specifically, in a quasi-experimental field study (Study 2) and in an experimental paradigm (Study 3), I examined whether group size predicts physiological covariation during a group-based meditation comprised of a guided meditation followed by a silent meditation. I also explored the relationship between physiological covariation and familiarity. Across studies, group size predicted physiological covariation in SNS and PNS activity over time. How group size exerted its influence, however, depended on the branch of the ANS and the period of the meditation in which physiological covariation was observed. Among experienced meditators, large groups exhibited SNS covariation during the guided meditation, whereas small groups displayed PNS covariation. Among inexperienced meditators, both large and small groups displayed physiological covariation across the ANS. However, large groups exhibited shared decreases in PNS activity whereas small groups displayed shared increases. During silent meditation, the patterns of physiological covariation exhibited by large and small groups were also inconsistent across studies. Furthermore, familiarity predicted physiological covariation, but only in Study 3. The implications for physiological covariation research, the development of social relationships, and group dynamics are discussed.Ph.D
Birds of a Convergent Feather: The Interrelationship between Similarity, Conflict and Cross-group Friendship Potential
Full text linkI examined whether perceptions of intergroup similarity and conflict interact to predict prejudice and facilitation of an intergroup social interaction as a consequence of physiological linkage – a state correlated with successful social interactions wherein two people's autonomic nervous
systems synch-up in time. Studies 1 and 2a, revealed an association between similarity, conflict and low prejudice. In Study 2b participants completed essays priming similarity and conflict in order to test the indirect effect of their interaction with participants' physiological reactivity on
the success of a dyadic social interaction. Similarity, conflict and physiological reactivity interacted to predict physiological linkage, which in turn moderated the effects of conflict on the success of the social interaction. These results suggest that physiological and social cognitive
processes play key roles in determining the important moment when an outgroup stranger becomes a potential friend.MAS
The Effects of Social Context on Physiological Covariation
No full textPhysiological covariation – shared patterns of autonomic physiology between people – has been documented within all social relationships and predicts a variety of interpersonal outcomes. At a basic level, however, there remains uncertainty about how much “social experience” is needed for physiological covariation to occur. The present research addressed this issue by manipulating various facets common to social experiences. Study 1 manipulated social versus nonsocial engagement during cooperative and competitive tasks and examined whether physiological covariation predicts measures of affiliation. Across social contexts, partners exhibited physiological covariation in the sympathetic (SNS) and the parasympathetic (PNS) branches of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). However, whether partners exhibited shared increases versus decreases in autonomic activity differed by social context. Moreover, SNS covariation predicted measures of affiliation and appeared to be predominantly influenced by social processes. Conversely, PNS covariation did not predict measures of affiliation and occurred due to the procedural influences of the task. Studies 2 and 3 addressed, for the first time, what happens when the minimum requirement of two people is exceeded. Specifically, in a quasi-experimental field study (Study 2) and in an experimental paradigm (Study 3), I examined whether group size predicts physiological covariation during a group-based meditation comprised of a guided meditation followed by a silent meditation. I also explored the relationship between physiological covariation and familiarity. Across studies, group size predicted physiological covariation in SNS and PNS activity over time. How group size exerted its influence, however, depended on the branch of the ANS and the period of the meditation in which physiological covariation was observed. Among experienced meditators, large groups exhibited SNS covariation during the guided meditation, whereas small groups displayed PNS covariation. Among inexperienced meditators, both large and small groups displayed physiological covariation across the ANS. However, large groups exhibited shared decreases in PNS activity whereas small groups displayed shared increases. During silent meditation, the patterns of physiological covariation exhibited by large and small groups were also inconsistent across studies. Furthermore, familiarity predicted physiological covariation, but only in Study 3. The implications for physiological covariation research, the development of social relationships, and group dynamics are discussed.Ph.D
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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