492 research outputs found
Ein «Solothurner» in Turkestan: Romedius Wacker zwischen militärischer Migration und einem grenzüberschreitenden Blick auf die Geschichte der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts
No full textBregenz, Turkestan und Solothurn, das waren die Kernstationen im Leben des Arztes Romedius Wacker, der sich 1920 nach einer langen Wanderschaft in Solothurn niederliess. Der Beitrag versucht mikrogeschichtliche Ansätze mit solchen der Makrogeschichte zu verknüpfen und damit die Frage zu klären, wie sich die Erfahrungen eines weiterreichten Menschen in seinen Schilderungen widerspiegelten und welche Rolle die «militärische Migration» Wacker in diesem Zusammenhang spielte. Dafür greift der Beitrag auf eine Vielzahl von Quellen unterschiedlicher Provenienz zurück und versucht aufzuzeigen, welche Erkenntnisse aus Wackers Geschichte für die globale Geschichte des Ersten Weltkrieges wie für die transnationale Geschichte der Schweiz und die Geschichte Solothurns gezogen werden könne
Nodal-based finite element methods with local projection stabilization for linearized incompressible magnetohydrodynamics
No full textWe consider the linearized resistive magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) model in incompressible media and its numerical solution. Conforming nodal-based finite element approximations of the MHD model both for inf-sup stable and equal order finite elements with respect to velocity and pressure are considered. As opposed to a residual-based stabilization method by Badia et al. (2013), we consider a local projection stabilization for the numerical solution. A detailed stability and error analysis for the arising discrete problem is given. Some numerical experiments like Hartmann's MHD problem and singular solutions are examined. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.German Research Foundation (DFG) [CRC 963, RTG 1023
Computational characterization of the binding mode and mechanism of action of tricyclic small molecules at 5-HT1E and 5-HT1F receptors
No full text5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) 1E and 1F receptors (5-HT1E and 5-HT1F, respectively) are highly expressed human G protein-coupled receptors with high sequence identity among themselves and other 5-HT1 receptor subtypes. Although the physiological role of 5-HT1E and 5-HT1F is not fully understood, they are molecular targets of drugs that are effective to treat migraine, depression, and schizophrenia, albeit not without also producing adverse effects. Notably, no selective or high-affinity drugs have been reported for the 5-HT1E receptor to date. Thus, there is widespread interest in understanding at an atomic level of detail how small molecules bind and activate these receptors for the ultimate purpose of designing improved therapeutics. Through computational studies including docking calculations, metadynamics rescoring, and molecular dynamics simulations of cryo-electron microscopy structures, we predict the binding mode and mechanism of action of tricyclic small molecules that are capable of simultaneously activating the 5-HT1E and 5-HT1F receptors. Our results provide testable hypotheses of ligand-receptor interactions and ligand-induced allosteric modulation that may be used to improve the efficacy of these small molecules towards specific biological endpoints
Overcoming challenges in selective Wacker-type oxidation reactions
No full textThe Wacker oxidn. has proven to be a powerful reaction for the oxidn. of simple olefins to Me ketones. However,
important limitations restrict its application in the lab. setting. Typically, oxidns. of simple terminal olefins occur with
Markovnikov selectivity, while achieving high aldehyde selectivity has historically been more challenging. Addnl., internal
olefins are generally unreactive under Wacker oxidn. conditions. Our group has recently devoted research efforts toward
addressing these limitations. Specifically, during studies of a dicationic palladium catalyst capable of oxidizing internal
olefins, it was obsd. that electron-withdrawing trifluoromethyl groups are capable of significantly enhancing selectivity for
distal, rather than proximal, oxidn.; even modest aldehyde selectivity was achieved in the case of an electron deficient
terminal olefin. Gaining inspiration from this system, we have developed a method for the anti-Markovnikov oxidn. of
terminal olefins bearing electron deficient fluoride groups, providing direct access to beta-fluorinated aldehyde products.
Preliminary mechanistic studies reveal the importance of a key inductive effect in influencing aldehyde selectivity.
Furthermore, research efforts toward understanding and controlling regioselectivity with regard to substrate substructure,
as well as progress toward enantioselective processes, will be described
Direct Access to β-Fluorinated Aldehydes by Nitrite-Modified Wacker Oxidation
No full textAn aldehyde-selective Wacker-type oxidation of allylic fluorides proceeds with a nitrite catalyst. The method represents a direct route to prepare β-fluorinated aldehydes. Allylic fluorides bearing a variety of functional groups are transformed in high yield and very high regioselectivity. Additionally, the unpurified aldehyde products serve as versatile intermediates, thus enabling access to a diverse array of fluorinated building blocks. Preliminary mechanistic investigations suggest that inductive effects have a strong influence on the rate and regioselectivity of the oxidation
The prohibition of the proposed Springer-ProSiebenSat.1-Merger: how much economics in German merger control?
No full textWe review the Bundeskartellamt (Federal Cartel Office Germany) decision on the proposed merger between Springer and ProSiebenSat.1 from an economic point of view. In doing so, it is not our goal to analyse whether the controversial decision by the Bundeskar-tellamt has been correct or flawed from a legal point of view. Instead, we analyse whether the economic reasoning in the decision document reflects state-of-the-art economic theory on conglomerate mergers. Regarding such types of mergers, anticompetitive effects either do not occur regularly or are more often than not overcompensated by efficiency gains, so that a standard welfare perspective demands reluctance concerning antitrust interventions. This is particularly true if two-sided markets, like media markets, are involved. However, anticompe-titive conglomerate mergers are not impossible, in particular in neighbouring markets where there is some relationship between the products of the merging companies. In line with the more-economic approach in European merger control, a particular thorough line of argumen-tation, backed with particularly convincing economic evidence, is necessary to justify a pro-hibition of a conglomerate merger from an economic point of view. Against this background, we do not find the reasoning of the Bundeskartellamt entirely convincing and sufficiently strong to justify a prohibition of the proposed combination from an economic perspective. The reasons are that (i) the Bundeskartellamt fails to continuously consider consumer and customer welfare as the relevant standards, (ii) positive efficiency and welfare effects of cross-media strategies are neglected, (iii) in contrast, the competition agency sometimes ap-pears to view profitability of post-merger strategy options to be per se anticompetitive (effi-ciency offence), (iv) the incontestability of the relevant markets is not sufficiently substanti-ated, (v) inconsistencies occur regarding the symmetry of the TV advertising market duopoly versus the unique role of the BILD-Zeitung and (vi) the employment of modern economic instruments appears to be underdeveloped. Thus, we conclude that the Bundeskartellamt has not embraced the European more-economic approach in the analysed decision. However, one can discuss whether economic effects are overcompensated in this case by concerns about a reduction in diversity of opinion and threats to free speech. Similar to the Bundeskartellamt, we do not consider these concerns in our analysis. --merger control,media markets,more-economic approach,conglomerate mergers,cross-promotion
The Prohibition of the Proposed Springer-ProSiebenSat.1-Merger: How much Economics in German Merger Control?
No full textWe review the Bundeskartellamt (Federal Cartel Office Germany) decision on the proposed merger between Springer and ProSiebenSat.1 from an economic point of view. In doing so, it is not our goal to analyse whether the controversial decision by the Bundeskartellamt has been correct or flawed from a legal point of view. Instead, we analyse whether the economic reasoning in the decision document reflects state-of-the-art economic theory on conglomerate mergers. Regarding such types of mergers, anticompetitive effects either do not occur regularly or are more often than not overcompensated by efficiency gains, so that a standard welfare perspective demands reluctance concerning antitrust interventions. This is particularly true if two-sided markets, like media markets, are involved. However, anticompetitive conglomerate mergers are not impossible, in particular in neighbouring markets where there is some relationship between the products of the merging companies. In line with the more-economic approach in European merger control, a particular thorough line of argumentation, backed with particularly convincing economic evidence, is necessary to justify a prohibition of a conglomerate merger from an economic point of view. Against this background, we do not find the reasoning of the Bundeskartellamt entirely convincing and sufficiently strong to justify a prohibition of the proposed combination from an economic perspective. The reasons are that (i) the Bundeskartellamt fails to continuously consider consumer and customer welfare as the relevant standards, (ii) positive efficiency and welfare effects of cross-media strategies are neglected, (iii) in contrast, the competition agency sometimes appears to view profitability of post-merger strategy options to be per se anticompetitive (efficiency offence), (iv) the incontestability of the relevant markets is not sufficiently substantiated, (v) inconsistencies occur regarding the symmetry of the TV advertising market duopoly versus the unique role of the BILD-Zeitung and (vi) the employment of modern economic instruments appears to be underdeveloped. Thus, we conclude that the Bundeskartellamt has not embraced the European more-economic approach in the analysed decision. However, one can discuss whether economic effects are overcompensated in this case by concerns about a reduction in diversity of opinion and threats to free speech. Similar to the Bundeskartellamt, we do not consider these concerns in our analysis.merger control, media markets, more-economic approach, conglomerate mergers, cross-promotion
Investigated binding mode and mechanism of action of tetracyclic small molecules at 5-HT1E and 5-HT1F receptors by computer simulation
No full text5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) 1E and 1F receptors (5-HT1E and 5-HT1F, respectively), are highly expressed human G protein-coupled receptors with high sequence identity among themselves and other 5-HT1 receptor subtypes. Although the physiological role of 5-HT1E and 5- HT1F is not fully understood, they are molecular targets of drugs that are effective to treat migraine, depression, and schizophrenia, albeit not without also producing adverse effects. Notably, no selective or high-affinity drugs have been reported for the 5-HT1E receptor to date. Thus, there is widespread interest in understanding at an atomic level of detail how small molecules bind and activate these receptors for the ultimate purpose of designing improved therapeutics. Through computational studies including docking calculations, metadynamics rescoring, and molecular dynamics simulations of cryo-electron microscopy structures, we predict the binding mode and mechanism of action of tricyclic small molecules that are capable of simultaneously activating the 5-HT1E and 5-HT1F receptors. Our results provide testable hypotheses of ligand-receptor interactions and ligand-induced allosteric modulation that may be used to improve the efficacy of these small molecules towards specific biological endpoints
Synthesis of perhydrofuro[2,3-b]furans from isopentenyl alcohol through carbonyl-ene and wacker-type reactions
No full textA range of 2-substituted perhydrofuro[2,3-b]furans have been synthesized in a stereoselective manner through a sequence involving the Lewis-acid catalyzed carbonyl-ene reaction of a protected isopentenyl alcohol with a variety of enophiles, deprotection of the corresponding monoprotected diols, and palladium-catalyzed intramolecular acetalization under Wacker-type reaction conditions.This work was generously supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN), grant number CTQ2007-65218 and Consolider Ingenio 2010, grant number CSD2007-00006, the Generalitat Valenciana (GV; PROMETEO/2009/039), and Fondos Europeos para el Desarrollo Regional (FEDER). D. S. thanks the Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación of the Universidad de Alicante for a predoctoral grant. M. R.-F. thanks the ISO of the Universidad de Alicante for a postdoctoral grant
Ungleichheit: Interdisziplinäre Perspektiven auf Ursachen und Implikationen
No full textDas vorliegende Arbeitspapier untersucht Ungleichheit aus verschiedenen interdisziplinären Perspektiven auf Ursachen und Implikationen.
Inhaltsverzeichnis:
Philipp Harms, Claudia Landwehr, Mario Scharfbillig, Daniel Schunk: Ungleichheit: Interdisziplinäre Perspektiven auf Ursachen und Implikationen - Einleitung
Konstantin M. Wacker: Warum wir Ungleichheit verringern müssen, um globale Armut bis 2030 zu beenden
Joachim Klose: Heimatverlust als Indikator zunehmender Ungleichheit
Gunnar Otte: Bildungsforschung und Bildungsreformen
Sibylle Kalmbach: Bildungsgerechtigkeit und Ungleichheit im Hochschulbereich – am Beispiel von Stipendien
Claudia Landwehr und Oliver Tüscher: Ursachen ungleicher politischer Beteiligung
Michael Edinger: Gleicher Zugang zur Macht? Über soziale Schließungsprozesse in der Politik
Sascha Huber: Wählermobilisierung und Ungleichheit in Deutschland: Ein Feldexperiment zur Steigerung der Wahlbeteiligung bei der Landtagswahl in Baden-Württemberg 2016
Tonio Rieger: Der ganzheitliche Ansatz zur Bekämpfung von Langzeitarbeitslosigkei
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