260 research outputs found
Programmed elimination of cells by caspase-independent cell extrusion in C. elegans
No full textThe elimination of unnecessary or defective cells from metazoans occurs during normal development and tissue homeostasis, as well as in response to infection or cellular damage. Although many cells are removed through caspase-mediated apoptosis followed by phagocytosis by engulfing cells, other mechanisms of cell elimination occur, including the extrusion of cells from epithelia through a poorly understood, possibly caspase-independent, process. Here we identify a mechanism of cell extrusion that is caspase independent and that can eliminate a subset of the Caenorhabditis elegans cells programmed to die during embryonic development. In wild-type animals, these cells die soon after their generation through caspase-mediated apoptosis. However, in mutants lacking all four C. elegans caspase genes, these cells are eliminated by being extruded from the developing embryo into the extra-embryonic space of the egg. The shed cells show apoptosis-like cytological and morphological characteristics, indicating that apoptosis can occur in the absence of caspases in C. elegans. We describe a kinase pathway required for cell extrusion involving PAR-4, STRD-1 and MOP-25.1/-25.2, the C. elegans homologues of the mammalian tumour-suppressor kinase LKB1 and its binding partners STRADα and MO25α. The AMPK-related kinase PIG-1, a possible target of the PAR-4–STRD-1–MOP-25 kinase complex, is also required for cell shedding. PIG-1 promotes shed-cell detachment by preventing the cell-surface expression of cell-adhesion molecules. Our findings reveal a mechanism for apoptotic cell elimination that is fundamentally distinct from that of canonical programmed cell death.Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation (Postdoctoral Fellowship)Charles A. King Trust (Postdoctoral Fellowship
Both the Caspase CSP-1 and a Caspase-Independent Pathway Promote Programmed Cell Death in Parallel to the Canonical Pathway for Apoptosis in Caenorhabditis elegans
No full textCaspases are cysteine proteases that can drive apoptosis in metazoans and have critical functions in the elimination of cells during development, the maintenance of tissue homeostasis, and responses to cellular damage. Although a growing body of research suggests that programmed cell death can occur in the absence of caspases, mammalian studies of caspase-independent apoptosis are confounded by the existence of at least seven caspase homologs that can function redundantly to promote cell death. Caspase-independent programmed cell death is also thought to occur in the invertebrate nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The C. elegans genome contains four caspase genes (ced-3, csp-1, csp-2, and csp-3), of which only ced-3 has been demonstrated to promote apoptosis. Here, we show that CSP-1 is a pro-apoptotic caspase that promotes programmed cell death in a subset of cells fated to die during C. elegans embryogenesis. csp-1 is expressed robustly in late pachytene nuclei of the germline and is required maternally for its role in embryonic programmed cell deaths. Unlike CED-3, CSP-1 is not regulated by the APAF-1 homolog CED-4 or the BCL-2 homolog CED-9, revealing that csp-1 functions independently of the canonical genetic pathway for apoptosis. Previously we demonstrated that embryos lacking all four caspases can eliminate cells through an extrusion mechanism and that these cells are apoptotic. Extruded cells differ from cells that normally undergo programmed cell death not only by being extruded but also by not being engulfed by neighboring cells. In this study, we identify in csp-3; csp-1; csp-2 ced-3 quadruple mutants apoptotic cell corpses that fully resemble wild-type cell corpses: these caspase-deficient cell corpses are morphologically apoptotic, are not extruded, and are internalized by engulfing cells. We conclude that both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways promote apoptotic programmed cell death and the phagocytosis of cell corpses in parallel to the canonical apoptosis pathway involving CED-3 activation.Howard Hughes Medical InstituteDamon Runyon Cancer Research FoundationCharles A. King Trus
SPK-1, an SR protein kinase, inhibits programmed cell death in Caenorhabditis elegans
No full textTo identify genes involved in protecting cells from programmed cell death in Caenorhabditis elegans, we performed a genetic screen to isolate mutations that cause an increase in the number of programmed cell deaths. We screened for suppressors of the cell-death defect caused by a partial loss-of-function mutation in ced-4, which encodes an Apaf-1 homolog that promotes programmed cell death by activating the caspase CED-3. We identified one extragenic ced-4 suppressor, which has a mutation in the gene spk-1. The spk-1 gene encodes a protein homologous to serine-arginine-rich (SR) protein kinases, which are thought to regulate splicing. Previous work suggests that ced-4 can be alternatively spliced and that the splice variants function oppositely, with the longer transcript (ced-4L) inhibiting programmed cell death. spk-1 might promote cell survival by increasing the amount of the protective ced-4L splice variant. We conclude that programmed cell death in C. elegans is regulated by an alternative splicing event controlled by the SR protein kinase SPK-1.Howard Hughes Medical Institute (Predoctoral Fellowship)Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation (Postdoctoral Fellowship)Charles A. King Trust Postdoctoral Fellowship Progra
Vegetative characteristics of swift fox denning and foraging sites in southwestern South Dakota /
No full textVegetative characteristics of swift fox (Vulpes velox) denning and foraging habitats were studied in southwestern South Dakota. We followed 14 radio-collared foxes over a two-year period and identified 17 den sites and 82 foraging sites. Height-density of vegetation (visual obstruction reading, VOR) was determined on each den and foraging site and on 81 randomly selected sites. Total vegetation VOR was higher (p=0.08) at den sites than on randomly selected sites (11.7±1.4 and 9.5±0.6cm (SE), respectively). Swift foxes used foraging areas with vegetation greater VOR (p=0.01) than that found on randomly selected sites (11.9±0.7 and 9.5±0.6 cm, respectively). Canopy cover for seven major plant species on foraging sites was different than on den sites (p=0.055) but random sites were not different from either foraging or den sites. While previous studies have described swift fox macrohabitats with little vegetative cover (e.g., plowed fields or heavily grazed areas), our study showed that height-density of vegetation is important to these foxes."March 2003."Cover title.Includes bibliographical references (p. 4).Vegetative characteristics of swift fox (Vulpes velox) denning and foraging habitats were studied in southwestern South Dakota. We followed 14 radio-collared foxes over a two-year period and identified 17 den sites and 82 foraging sites. Height-density of vegetation (visual obstruction reading, VOR) was determined on each den and foraging site and on 81 randomly selected sites. Total vegetation VOR was higher (p=0.08) at den sites than on randomly selected sites (11.7±1.4 and 9.5±0.6cm (SE), respectively). Swift foxes used foraging areas with vegetation greater VOR (p=0.01) than that found on randomly selected sites (11.9±0.7 and 9.5±0.6 cm, respectively). Canopy cover for seven major plant species on foraging sites was different than on den sites (p=0.055) but random sites were not different from either foraging or den sites. While previous studies have described swift fox macrohabitats with little vegetative cover (e.g., plowed fields or heavily grazed areas), our study showed that height-density of vegetation is important to these foxes.Mode of access: Internet
Computational thinking: the developing definition
No full textSince Jeanette Wing’s use of the term computational thinking in 2006, various discussions have arisen seeking a robust definition of the phrase. With little consensus having been found in the intervening years, there are even suggestions that a definition is not important. Perhaps focus should be on how computational thinking is taught and how its acquisition might be observed. However, in order to facilitate consistent curriculum design and appropriate assessment, it is argued that a definition should still be soughtIn order to contribute to the discussions surrounding a definition of computational thinking, this review of literature spans the years since 2006. The most frequently occurring terms, descriptions, and meanings are identified. Consideration is given to the motivation for inclusion or exclusion of a term by each individual author. Where possible, if a description has been given, an associated term is supplied.Criteria are developed for the objectives of a computational thinking definition, in accordance with the needs identified in the literature. Using the criteria as a guide and the collected terms as the vocabulary, a definition of computational thinking is proposed which encompasses the thought processes of abstraction, decomposition, algorithmic design, evaluation, and generalization. <br/
Computational thinking: the developing definition
No full textSince Jeanette Wing’s use of the term computational thinking in 2006, various discussions have arisen seeking a robust definition of the phrase. With no consensus having been found in the intervening years, there are even suggestions that a definition is not important. Perhaps focus should be on how computational thinking is taught and how its acquisition might be observed. However, in order to facilitate consistent curriculum design and appropriate assessment, it is argued that a definition should still be sought. In order to contribute to the discussions surrounding a definition of computational thinking, this review of literature spans the years since 2006. The most frequently occurring terms, descriptions, and meanings are identified. Consideration is given to the motivation for inclusion or exclusion of a term by each individual author. Where possible, if a description has been given, an associated term is supplied.Criteria are developed for the objectives of a computational thinking definition, in accordance with the needs identified in the literature. Using the criteria as a guide and the collected terms as the vocabulary, a definition of computational thinking is proposed. <br/
Colletes validus Cresson 1868
No full textColletes validus Cresson, 1868 Counties: Saint Louis. Comments: Known in Minnesota from a single specimen. Material examined: Saint Louis Co.: Duluth: 1 ♁, 4 May 1941, D.G. Denning leg., determined by J. Gardner and confirmed by Z. PortmanPublished as part of Portman, Zachary M., Gardner, Joel, Lane, Ian G., Gerjets, Nicole, Petersen, Jessica D., Ascher, John S., Arduser, Mike, Evans, Elaine C., Boyd, Crystal, Thomson, Robin & Cariveau, Daniel P., 2023, A checklist of the bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of Minnesota, pp. 1-95 in Zootaxa 5304 (1) on page 45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5304.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/804856
FARADAY MAGNETO OPTICAL (MCD) ACTIVITY IN CUBIC COMPLEXES
No full textAddress of Robert G. Denning: University of Oxford, Oxford, England, since September 1968.""Author Institution: Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University; Department of Chemistry, University of IllinoisMagneto-optical rotational strengths of d-d and charge-transfer electronic transitions were measured using MCD spectroscopy. Magnetic fields ranging from 25 000 gauss to 45 000 gauss were employed. The metal ions of most compounds investigated were in the environment of octahedral () microsymmetry. The magnitudes of Faraday parameters A(aj), B(aj) and C(aj), and of dipole strengths D(aj) were obtained from these experiments. Also, the magnitudes, signs, and usefulness of newly defined magneto-optical -values for Faraday parameters, P = A, B, and C, of each electronic transition will be discussed. {g}^{^{o}K}_{P}[{P}({a}\rightarrow {j})]=\frac{[\vartheta({P})]^{^{o}K}_{M \max}}{\epsilon_{\max}}\times 10^{4} Experimental evidence for magnitudes of excited-state orbital angular momenta will be presented. In a number of compounds parameter A(aj) will be considered within the framework of Stephens proposed vibronic intensity mechanism
Parapsyche spinata Denning 1949
No full textParapsyche spinata Denning 1949 b Figures 6 a–c; 7 a, b; 12; 17; 25; 27; 28; 32; 37 a–d. Parapsyche spinata Denning (1949 b, 116, 118 figs. 7, 7 a; male). Holotype male: House Rock Forest Camp, Willamette National Forest, [confluence of Sheep Creek and South Santiam River] Linn Co., Oregon, August 3, 1948, (C.P. Alexander) (CASC). Givens & Smith 1980, 7, 8–9, 18, figs, 11 a–c, 19 figs. 15 a–c, male genitalia and female genitalia, female as Parapsyche sp. 1). Male. Description See Denning (1949 b: 116, 118 figs. 7, 7 a). Female. Diagnosis. See Givens & Smith (1980, 8– 9, 19 figs. 15 a–c, as Parapsyche sp. 1). Additionally, P. spinata differs from P. extensa in the shape of tergum IX (Figs. 5 a, 6 a) and the shape of the pair of internal sclerotized structures (its) within the fused sterna IX and X (Figs. 5 b, 6 b). Description. See Givens & Smith (1980, 8– 9, 19 figs. 15 a–c, as Parapsyche sp. 1). Pupa. Diagnosis. The shape of the apical processes, viewed from a caudal aspect, readily distinguishes P. spinata from the known pupae of other western North American Parapsyche species. The rounded mesal apices of the apical processes are shorter than the lateral apices (Figs. 7 a, 7 b), unlike P. a l m o t a and P. turbinata with acute and equal lateral and mesal apices (Figs. 2 a, b, 9 a, b), and unlike P. elsis with acute mesal apices (Fig. 4 b). In lateral aspect, the apical processes of P. spinata are recurved less than 90 ° to the longitudinal axis (Fig. 7 a), unlike P. elsis for which the curvature is greater than 90 ° to the longitudinal axis (Fig. 4 a). The P. s p i na t a pupa also lacks the long, tubular, yellow, subapical setae found in the P. elsis pupa. The apical processes of P. spinata, P. almota, and P. turbinata are covered with short spines and their sclerotization extends anteroventrad laterally; only the caudal surface of the apices of the apical processes of P. elsis have these short spines, the lateral surfaces lacking spines. Description. Yellowish brown. Length 10.0 mm (N= 2). Right pupal mandible with 3 subapical teeth, left mandible with 3 small subapical teeth and 1 larger basal tooth (Fig. 12); each mandible with basolateral tuft of black ls setae. Hook plates IIIa each with 7–9 hooks, IIIp with 6–9 hooks, IVa with 2–4 hooks, Va with 4 or 5 hooks, Vp with 8 or 9 hooks, VIa with 3 or 4 hooks, and VIIa with 2–4 hooks (Fig. 28); hook plates on IIIp circular; hook plates on Vp oval with stout hooks (Fig. 25); all hook plates brown. Apical processes dark brown; in lateral aspect, angled less than 90 ° to longitudinal axis of body; each with sclerotization extending anteroventrad laterally. Processes covered with short stout spines smaller basally and larger apically, with tuft of thick black setae basally on ventrolateral bulge and hair-like setae on anterior margin. Apical processes in caudal view rounded basally, obliquely truncate and slightly concave apically, with lateral apices acute, longer than rounded mesal apices (Fig. 7 b). Pupal Case. Length 11.0 mm (N= 1), width 4.0 mm (N= 1). Case constructed of various sizes of small gravel, pebbles and grains of sand, over inner silk puparium. Interstitial spaces small, with pebbles tightly packed. Case oblong, with ends rounded (Fig. 32). Mesal ventral area of case typical of family, with exposed puparium, the ventral corners with small pebbles/grains of sand, much like those of P. almota and P. turbinata. Larva. Diagnosis. A pair of single filament gills on abdominal sternum VIII separates both mature and early instar larvae of P. spinata from those of P. elsis and P. almota. The ventral apotome of P. spinata has parallel sides and a rectangular shape, separating it from those of P. e xt e ns a and P. el sis, both of which have triangular to subrectangular ventral apotomes. The abdominal setation on P. spinat a is similar to that of P. ex t en s a, having appressed hl setae, and dark (reddish), cylindrical, basally tapered (clavate), semi-erect sh setae (c-sh). Black to reddish, long, striated sh setae (ls-ts) also are scattered on abdominal segments I–VIII, although not as numerous or as tubular as on P. extensa (Figs. 36 a, 37 a). The larva of P. s pi n at a may be distinguished from that of P. turbinata by the presence on abdominal segments I–VIII of short, dark (reddish), fluted sh setae (f-sh) on P. turbinata (Fig. 38 a) and the absence of these fluted setae on the larvae of P. spinata (Fig. 37 a). The shape of the ventral apotome (Figs. 14, 17) separates P. spinata from P. a l m o t a; unlike P. al m o t a, P. spinata has a pair of single gills on sternum VIII. The number of lateral line gill filaments per gill also distinguishes P. s p i na t a from P. e xt e ns a and P. elsis (Fig. 27). Description. Head: Dark reddish brown, appearing pitted and sculptured, anterior margin convex and anterolateral margins with secondary tan (light) ls setae. Ventral surfaces of parietals sculptured, rugulose, with transverse striations. Pairs of dark primary seta present in positions 7, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 17. Primary seta in positions 16 and 17 translucent (whitish), difficult to see, most apparent when viewed laterally. Setae 16 much longer than setae 17. Primary setae at anterolateral corners of frontoclypeus in positions 2 and 3. Frontoclypeus with bl setae, punctuate in appearance due to the numerous setal sockets. Parietals with appressed hl seta. Tubular tan cylindrical tp setae on parietals and frontoclypeus above ocular areas. Frontoclypeus with 4 distinct dark muscle scars anteriorly, adjacent to anterior yellow ocular area (pale region surrounding eyes). Indistinct muscle scars present posteriorly on frontoclypeus. Frontoclypeus sometimes with pair of single pale, translucent (whitish) setae in position 5 near tentorial pits. Anterior margin of reddish brown submental sclerite concave with anterior distal corners each bearing 4 dark ls seta. Labrum fully clothed with dark (tan to reddish), short, ap setae. Primary dark (reddish) setae in positions 5 and 6. Yellowish brush-like labial tufts of fine hl setae arising from anterolateral corners of labrum, curving mesad. Anteromesal margin of labrum clothed with fringe of light hl setae. Brown ventral apotome rectangular, broad, with parallel sides; in mature larvae 2–3 ½× as long as wide mesally. Thoracic nota: Pronotum brown to dark brown; mesonotum brown; metanotum yellowish brown. Pro-, meso-, and metanota with appressed hl seta. Pronotum with pair of pale, translucent (whitish, barely visible), short erect primary submesal setae at midlength. Meso- and metanota each with single primary seta with prominent setal socket in each sa 1 and sa 2 position. Legs: Dark brown to yellowish brown. Foretrochantins brown, each with 1–10 setae, of which 1–4 are dark acuminate seta, others shorter, tan to reddish. Coxae with both short reddish sl setae and black ls setae on anterolateral surfaces; posterior margins each with 6–17 long, black ls setae. Procoxae each with primary seta in position 1. Meso- and metacoxae with primary setae at positions 2 and 3. Pro-, meso-, and metatrochanters each with black primary setae in positions 2 and 3, sometimes absent in position 2. Trochanters, femora, tibiae, and tarsi with tan to reddish, short and long sl setae along apicoventral margins of meso- and metathoracic legs. Row of 5– 10 short reddish sl setae on posterolateral surfaces of meso- and metathoracic tibiae. Femora of meso- and metathoracic legs generally with black primary setae in positions 2, 3 and 4, sometimes absent from any of the 3 positions. Abdomen: Terga I–VII each with 2 pairs of setal tufts of black, short cylindrical setae in positions sa 2 and sa 3; tergum VIII with pair of setal tufts of black, short cylindrical setae in sa 3 position; each setal tuft with 8–14 setae and frequently with long black primary seta. Terga clothed with numerous appressed dark hl setae intermingled with numerous dark (reddish), cylindrical, basally tapered (clavate), semi-erect sh setae (c-sh) (Fig. 37 a), in addition to few scattered erect, cylindrical, dark (black to reddish), long sh setae (ls-ts), often occurring predominantly on abdominal segments V–VII (Fig. 37 a). Sterna I–VIII essentially glabrous with only few appressed hl setae. Sternum VII with 1 pair of short black primary setae lateral to meson. Abdominal sternum VIII with mesal ovoid sclerite, bearing 11 or 12 long, black ls setae on posterior margin; sclerite may be only lightly sclerotized. Tergum IX with lateral sclerotized areas (light to heavily sclerotized) with appressed hl setae, single long black primary seta arising from posterior margin of each sclerotized area, and appressed hl setae between sclerotized areas. Sternum IX with pair of yellow sclerites with appressed hl setae and clear (tan) sl setae, setal sockets not prominent; 15–25 dark ls setae arising from posterior margin of each sclerite, these sclerites separated by glabrous meso-longitudinal membrane. Lateral line gills similar to those of P. almot a and P. turbinata (Figs. 19 a, b); present on segments III–VII; segment III on each side with single gill bearing 2 gill filaments; segments IV–VI each with 2 gills, dorsal gill with 2 terminal gill filaments, ventral gill with 4 gill filaments arising from bulbous gill base; segment VII with single gill having 4 terminal gill filaments (Fig. 28). Sternum VIII with pair of single, submesal gill filaments (Fig. 28). Anal prolegs: Sclerites of prolegs yellowish brown, each with basal tuft of 10–12 long, reddish ls seta. Dorsal aspect of caudal lobes glabrous; ventral aspect with scattered dark appressed hl setae; lateral surfaces of prolegs with dark ls seta; dorsal, mesal and lateral surfaces of anal prolegs with appressed hl seta; Tan to reddish sl seta on lateral surfaces of proleg sclerites; setal sockets prominent. Anal gills 0 or 3–5. Distribution Literature records, borrowed collections and collections of P. s p i n at a by the author suggest that the range includes the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade and Coastal Ranges of California and Oregon. Bionomics. Parapsyche spinata occurs primarily at lower altitudes, 61– 558 m. The elevation at the type locality, House Rock Forest Camp, Linn Co., OR, is 548.6 m. Emergence occurs from June to September. Parapsyche spinata typically lives in streams that are narrow (0.6– 3 m wide), 7.6–30.5 cm deep, slowly flowing, and with a substratum composed of small cobble, gravel, sand and mud. Water temperatures recorded in July and August averaged 12 o C at lower altitudes. Parapsyche spinata is sympatric with P. turbinata, P. e l s i s, and A. grandis. Material examined. CALIFORNIA: Humboldt Co. Boise Cr., tributary to Trinty R., 07-iii- 2012, 9 L (JL) (JLPC); Brown Cr., 04-vi- 1987, 1 L (J.M. Harrington and T. Hofstra) (NPSC); Devils Cr., 07-iv- 1980, 2 L (J.M. Harrington and T. Hofstra) (NPSC); creek, 1.6 km E Gregg Cr. (Hwy. 299), 20 L (RW) (CSUC); Grizzley Cr., E Hwy. 36, 09 -vi- 2007, 2 L (JL) (JLPC); Jolly Giant Cr., Arcata, Arcata Community Forest, 06-viii- 2011, 4 M (JL) (JLPC); 26 -ii- 2012, 1 L (JL) (JLPC); 02-iii- 2013, 11 L (JL) (JLPC); Jolly Giant Cr. Arcata, Humboldt State University, 25 -vi- 2010, 10 L (JL) (DGPC); 20 -viii- 2011, 4 L (JL) (DGPC); 15 -viii- 2012, 2 M, 1 L (DRG) (DGPC); 16 -viii- 2012, 2 L, (DRG) (DGPC); 18 -viii- 2012, 1 M, (JL) (DGPC); 22 -vii- 2013, 1 M P, 5 L (DRG) (DGPC); McGarvey Cr., 01-i- 1981, 1 L (M. Harrington and G. Winters) (NPSC); Red Mt. Cr., (Rd. 10 N 12), 08-viii- 2007, 1 L, (JL) (JLPC); Optam Cr., tributary to Red Wood Cr., (Chezan Rd.), 08-vi- 2011, 1 L (JL) (JLPC); Red Mt. Cr., (Rd. to Fish Lk.), 26 -iv- 1980, 1 L (RW) (CSUC); Red Mt. Cr., (Rd. 10 N 12), 27 -viii- 2006, 2 L (JL) (DGPC); Trinty R. 50.4 km E Arcata, Hwy. 299, 25 -iii- 2013, 1 L (JL) (JLPC). Marin Co., small strms., Point Reyes, Bear Valley Trail, 24 -iii- 1986, 2 L (RW) (CSUC); Woodacre, 12.9 km NW of San Rafael, 28 -iv- 1985, 1 L (B. Hudson) (EMEC). Plumas Co., creek, 12.9 km NW Chester, 18 -vii- 1958, 1 M (JP) (EMEC). Siskiyou Co., McCloud R., 15 -vi- 1974, 1 M (EMEC); Mt. Shasta City, 5 -viii- 1958, 1 M (JP) (EMEC); Ph Shasta, 24 -vi- 1958, 1 M (JP) (EMEC). Trinity Co., Bidden Cr., (Hwy. 299), 27 -iv- 1980, 22 L (RW) (CSUC); 20 -viii- 2012, 2 L (JL) (DGPC); Bidden Cr., 6 km SE of Burnt Ranch, Trinity Nat'l. Forest, (Hwy. 299), mile marker Tri. 13.4 (21.6 km), 22 -vii- 2013, 4 L (DRG) (DGPC); tributary of Stewart Fork nr. Trinty Alps Resort, 23 -iv- 1984, 20 L (RW) (CSUC). OREGON: Benton Co., creek, 11.9 km SW Philomath, 21 -ii- 1980, 1 F (K. Hosman) (CSUC); Right Branch Oak Cr., 10.5 km NW Corvallis, (East side of Patterson Rd.), 2.4 km N of Fisheries Lab., 04-ix- 1970, 1 F (C. Kerst) (DGPC); N Fork Rock Cr., Mary's Peak, 28 -vii- 1998 to 01-ix- 1998, 11 M, 4 F (S. Fitzgerald) (DRPC); 1 F (S. Fitzgerald) (CASC). Jackson Co., Clark Cr., 06-x- 1993, 1 L, (RW) (CSUC); Bear Gulch, 13 -x- 1994, 4 L (RW) (CSUC). Lane Co., small strm., ca. 1.6 km W Blue River, 17 -vii- 1980, 1 M (E. Evens and J. Wold) (DGPC); Mona Cr., (FS Rd. 1510), T. 15 S, R. 4 E, sec. 35, 16 -vii- 1996, 1 M (DER) (DRPC). Lincoln Co., Flynn Cr., cliff strm. 28 - iv- 1982, 1 L (RW) (CSUC); Linn Co., Ram Cr., (Snow Cr. Rd., Rt. 20 west side Tombstone Pass), 11 -viii- 1982, 4 M, 1 M P, 1 PP (RW) (CSUC).Published as part of Givens, Donald R., 2015, Parapsyche species (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae: Arctopsychinae) of western North America, pp. 451-489 in Zootaxa 4057 (4) on pages 467-471, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4057.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/23856
Hylaeus (Metziella) sparsus
No full textHylaeus (Metziella) sparsus (Cresson, 1869) Counties: Pine, Red Lake. Comments: Generally rare across its range and known in Minnesota from only two specimens. Material examined: Pine Co.: Chengwatana State Forest (45.8178, -92.7847),: 1 ♀ (MNDNR) 25 Jun 2020, N. Gerjets leg., net, Rubus sp., det. Z. Portman; Red Lake Co.: Plummer: 1 ♀, 19 Jun 1933, D.G. Denning leg., det. J. Gardner and confirmed by Z. Portman. Subgenus Paraprosopis Popov Taxonomy: Snelling (1970).Published as part of Portman, Zachary M., Gardner, Joel, Lane, Ian G., Gerjets, Nicole, Petersen, Jessica D., Ascher, John S., Arduser, Mike, Evans, Elaine C., Boyd, Crystal, Thomson, Robin & Cariveau, Daniel P., 2023, A checklist of the bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of Minnesota, pp. 1-95 in Zootaxa 5304 (1) on pages 46-47, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5304.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/804856
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