440 research outputs found
Impact of Crisis on Logistics Management
No full textIs the current situation facing the whole world and we need to adapt to withstand a fierce weather. Because the supply, which can be seen both as a sale (the manufacturers buy from suppliers) as well as a purchase (customers are supplied by producers) is the center of activities, we believe that a interpretation and a strategic direction to increase the competitiveness of extended supply chain, represents an initial starting point to save the current situation. We must understand that do not survive the nicest, smartest or the strongest, is the future of those who adapt best to change. In the global crisis context we must consider first the potential and not the market. Apparently the market is in a total collapse, but the potential still exists, even at minimum capacity it should work. Now they will be able to support only companies that eliminate almost all their losses and best manages their resources and activities.supply chain management; global crisis; restarting the business; procurement cycle.
Management of Public Acquisition in the Context of Public-Private Partnership
No full textWith Romania's integration in the European Union it has been compelled to align its national legislation with the European one. This change also applies in regards with public acquisitions where legislation change implies facilitating free movement of merchandise. The means of public acquisitions which Romania was using before joining the European Union can no longer be used in the current context. Thus, current legislation must be adapted to European specific requirements while keeping the national and regional particularities. The acceptance of public-private partnership, successfully implemented in many European countries, is one direction in which public acquisition performances can be enhanced. Public-private partnership benefits derive from accepting the provider (private organization that provides goods and services) - beneficiary connection (public organization purchasing goods and services) as a partnership in which the seller-buyer relationship is seen as a win-win relationship with repetitive nature (over a long period of time).management of public procurement; public-private partnership; the annual procurement; decentralization of public administration.
INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION - AN INVESTIGATION OF PERFORMANCE CORRELATION
No full textA series of research untaken in the last decade have revealed some interesting aspects regarding the effects of different types of motivation on performance. Among the researchers who have shown interest in this field we can number: Richard Ryan, Edward Deci, Sam Glucksberg, Dan Ariely, Robert Eisenhower, Linda Shanock, analysts from London School of Economics, and others. Their findings suggest that extrinsic incentives may have a negative impact on overall performance, but a general agreement in this respect has not been reached. In this paper we intend to shed some light upon the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and performance. Experts define intrinsic motivation as being the execution of a task or activity because of the inherent satisfaction arising from it rather than due to some separate outcome. In contrast with intrinsic motivation, we speak of extrinsic motivation whenever an activity is done in order to attain some separable outcome. With the purpose of contributing to the clarification of the links between concepts, we initiated and conducted an explanatory research. The research is based on the analysis of the relations between the results obtained by third year students and their predominant type of motivation. For this, we formulated and tested four work hypotheses using a combination of quantitative methods (investigation) and qualitative methods (focus group). After the validation of the questionnaires, the respondents were divided into four categories: intrinsically motivated, extrinsically motivated, both intrinsically and extrinsically motivated and unmotivated. To analyze the collected data, we made use of Excel and SPSS. Some of the primary conclusions of the research are as follows: as the average increases, the percent of individuals having both extrinsic and intrinsic motivation is decreasing; the highest percentage of unmotivated students is concentrated in the highest average category; Female students tend to have better performance at university level. The research intends to be nearly a first step in the attempt to clarify the relationship between intrinsic (and extrinsic) motivation and performance. Further research is needed.intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, performance, correlation
The Human Resources Strategic Management
No full textThe most of the specialists value the role of the strategies and the tactics in modern societies development, including in the economic field, especially in increasing the companies effectiveness, but also for mezo, macro and worldwide economic levels. As response to some strong requirements, the strategies are used not only in economic field, but also in other ones: political, military, social, educational etc. In Romania, for each field of activity and each organization is necessary to ground, to elaborate, to adopt and to operate realistic scientific strategies; to accelerate this action in human resources field, the most important organizational resources, perhaps this is the most necessary issue. This article targets the following: I. to provide a short description of the strategic management and the strategy’s concepts; II. to emphasize/to highlight the foreign and Romanian specialists points of view out of strategic human resources management; III.to present author`s own considerations about strategic human resources management.human resources; strategic management; strategy; human resources management.
Optical pumping and vibrational cooling of molecules
No full textSUMMARY The methods producing cold molecules from cold atoms tend to leave molecular
ensembles with substantial residual internal energy. For instance, Cs2
molecules initially formed via photoassociation of cold Cs atoms are in several
vibrational levels, v, of the electronic ground state. Here we apply a
broadband femtosecond laser that redistributes the vibrational population in
the ground state via a few electronic excitation - spontaneous emission cycles.
The laser pulses are shaped to remove the excitation frequency band of the v =
0 level, preventing re-excitation from that state. We observe a fast and
efficient accumulation, about 70% of the initially detected molecules, in the
lowest vibrational level, v = 0, of the singlet electronic state. The validity
of this incoherent depopulation pumping method is very general and opens
exciting prospects for laser cooling and manipulation of molecules
Optical pumping of cesium molecules : vibrational cooling and electronic conversion
No full textBeaucoup d’expériences et d’applications utilisant des molécules froides nécessitent d’avoir un échantillon de molécules froides à la fois en translation, en vibration et en rotation. Cette thèse se situe dans la même thématique, elle a pour objectif la généralisation de la méthode du pompage optique qui a permis de refroidir la vibration des molécules de Césium par un laser large bande dont les fréquences correspondantes aux transitions partant du niveau vibrationnel fondamental ont été supprimées. Nous avons, par exemple, réalisé un transfert de la population moléculaire dans un niveau vibrationnel pré-sélectionné. Nous avons ensuite démontré que le refroidissement vibrationnel est aussi efficace avec une source de lumière non cohérente. Enfin, une technique de conversion électronique a été démontrée et qui a permis de transférer les molécules formées dans l’état électronique métastable a3Σu+ vers l’état électronique fondamental X1Σg+. Finalement, l’application de cette méthode sur la rotation a été étudié, les résultats préliminaires montrent que le processus marche efficacement ce qui ouvre des perspectives sur le refroidissement lasers des molécules.Many experiments and applications using cold molecules need to have a sample of molecules cold in all degrees of freedom. My activity in the cold molecule experiment considered several extensions and generalizations of the vibrational cooling technique using a shaped broadband laser. The first extension realized was the transfer of the molecular population to any pre-selected vibrational level. Another extension was the realization of vibrational cooling and molecular population transfer with the use of a broadband, non-coherent, diode light source, instead of a femtosecond laser. Finally, we demonstrate an efficient technique which allows us to convert molecules initially formed in the triplet state (a3Σu+) into the ground electronic state (X1Σg+). The generalization of the vibrational cooling technique to include rotation has also been studied. Preliminary experiments considered for rotational cooling as well as more detail theoretical treatment has been performed. This open the way for more general laser technique apply to molecules
Few and Many-body Physics in cold Rydberg Gases
No full textDuring this thesis, the Physics of interacting systems has been investigated experimentally using Cold Rydberg gases. Rydberg atoms are very excited atoms and have the particularity to interact strongly together through long-range electrostatic interaction. A first highlight of the thesis is a direct experimental observation of a 4-body process. This process consists in internal exchanges of excitations between 4 Rydberg atoms due to their mutual interactions. In addition to its experimental observation, the process has been succefully described theoretically at a quantum level. A second highlight of this thesis has concerns the study of the laser excitation of strongly interacting Rydberg gases. In this regime, many-body quantum correlations play a central role leading to fascinating many-body behavior. In addition to fundamental interests, such systems could be used to implement quantum simulator or non-classical light sources. The system has been investigated during this thesis through the counting statistics of the Rydberg excitation. A highly sub-poisonian, i.e correlated, statistics has been observed in the regim of strong interactions proving the many-body nature of the system. A third highlight of this thesis is the development of an original theoretical model to describe the laser excitation of strongly interacting Rydberg gases. Using the so-called Dicke collective states, it has been possible to catch several interesting features of this many-body problem
Realization of an electron source by ionization of a laser-cooled cesium atomic beam
No full textLes faisceaux d’électrons et d’ions sont au cœur de nombreuses techniques instrumentales servant à explorer, analyser et agir sur des matériaux à l’échelle du micromètre au nanomètre (Microscopie électronique, spectrométrie d’électrons, techniques de « FIB »). Les limites de résolution spatiale et énergétique de ces techniques dépendent en grande partie des propriétés des sources qu’elles utilisent et en particulier de leur température de fonctionnement. De fait, depuis plus de 10 ans, le potentiel des atomes froids ionisés comme nouveau type de source d’électrons ou d’ions est intensivement exploré.Le projet expérimental réalisé au LAC et décrit dans cette thèse utilise un jet d’atomes de césium issu d’un piège magnéto-optique à deux dimensions. La température transverse du jet est de l’ordre de 100 µK. Malgré cela, le jet est encore trop divergent après la sortie de la zone de refroidissement pour notre expérience. Afin guider le jet d’atomes jusqu’à la zone d’ionisation, nous avons étudié une méthode particulière de guidage dipolaire. L’utilisation d’un seul laser convenablement réglé nous a permis de guider et pousser les atomes du jet en même temps tout en limitant le chauffage. Nous avons ainsi pu compresser avec ce laser pousseur-guideur le jet d’atomes sur un diamètre de 400 µm à 60 cm de la zone de refroidissement du PMO-2D.Le jet est ensuite ionisé par la méthode d’ionisation en champ électrique statique d’atomes de Rydberg. Les atomes sont tout d’abord excités par laser sur un état de Rydberg (n~30) en présence d’un champ électrique uniforme et homogène. Les atomes du jet ainsi excités voyagent vers une zone présentant un fort gradient de champ où ils vont alors s’ioniser autour de la même valeur de potentiel, réduisant ainsi la taille de la zone d’ionisation et donc de la dispersion en énergie potentielle initiale du faisceau d’électron. La probabilité d’ionisation des atomes dans le champ dépend grandement de l’état de Rydberg préalablement excité. Le choix de l’état de Rydberg optimal, i.e. qui a une probabilité d’ionisation la plus grande possible, nécessite une étude de l’ionisation des états de Rydberg du césium. Un modèle à deux niveaux est présenté dans cette thèse qui permet de retrouver le comportement d’ionisation d’état de Rydberg observé expérimentalement. Ce modèle simple nous a permis de comprendre quel type d’état nous devions exciter. Enfin une étude expérimentale est également présentée.Electron and Ion beams are at the base of many instrumental techniques used to explore, to analyse and to modify materials from the micrometer to the manometer scale (Electronic Microscopy, Electron Spectrometry, Focused Ion beams techniques…). Spatial and Energetic resolutions of these techniques are strongly dependent on its source‘s properties and particularly their working temperature. In fact, for more than ten years, the potential of ionised cold atoms have been intensively studied. Our experiment at LAC, described in this thesis, uses a 2 dimensional magneto-optical trap (2D-MOT) to create a caesium atomic beam. The transverse temperature of the beam is around 100 µK. Despite this, the beam is still too divergent after exiting the cooling area. To guide the atomic beam up to the ionisation area, we have studied and implemented a particular method of dipolar guiding. The use of a unique laser properly set allowed us to push and guide altogether the atoms of the beam while limiting the heating effect. Thus, we have managed to compress the atomic beam’s size to 400 µm at 60 cm from the output of the MOT.Afterward, the atomic beam is ionised by the method of Rydberg (static) field ionisation. The atoms are firstly excited by laser on a Rydberg state (n~30) as a static homogeneous and uniform electric field is applied. The excited atoms of beam travel therefore to a high-gradient field area where they ionise around the same electric potential value, therefore reducing the ionisation area’s size and the initial potential energy spread of the electron beam. The ionisation probability of the atoms in the field depends greatly on the excited Rydberg state. The choice of an optimal Rydberg state , i.e. with the highest probability of ionisation, needs better knowledge of the ionisation of cesium Rydberg states. A two levels model us to describe the ionisation behaviour of some Ryberg. This simple models helps to understand what kind of states we want to excite in order to optimise the ionisation area‘s size. An experimental study of cesium Rydberg states is also presented
Rovibrational cooling of cesium molecules through optical pumping
No full textCette thèse traite de la manipulation des deux degrés de libertés internes des molécules, que sont la rotation et la vibration. Il s'agit de transférer par un mécanisme de pompage optique les molécules formées dans plusieurs niveaux vibrationnels et rotationnels vers le niveau rovibrationnel absolu (J = v = 0). La démonstration expérimentale est effectuée sur des molécules froides de césium formées par photoassociation d'atomes froids. Le pompage optique est de plus démontré vers d'autres niveaux rotationnels du niveau vibrationnel fondamental. Le niveau cible est rendu noir par façonnage du spectre laser, c'est-à-dire que les molécules qui l'occupent ne peuvent plus absorber de photons du fait que le laser ne fournit pas les fréquences résonnantes nécessaires. Dans le cas du césium, la faible séparation en énergie entre les niveaux rotationnels nécessite une source spectralement fine. En effet, un laser large bande est dédié au refroidissement de la vibration et un second laser, plus fin spectralement, est utilisé pour le refroidissement de la rotation. La méthode démontrée est très générale. Des simulations, en très bon accord avec l'expérience, montrent qu'elle peut être appliquée à d'autres molécules. Une application à des jets moléculaires est aussi discutée. Elle pourrait permettre d'ouvrir la voie à un refroidissement laser et une collimation de jet avec d'éventuelles applications de lithographie.The focus of this thesis is the manipulation of the internal degrees of freedom of translationally cold cesium molecules produced by photoassociation of cold atoms. Molecules formed in several vibrational and rotational levels are transferred by an optical pumping mechanism in the absolute rovibronic ground level (v = J = 0) or, alternatively, into other selected rotational levels of the electronic ground state. The main idea of the process is to make the target level not accessible ("dark") to the optical excitation. The suppression of the optical frequencies necessary to make a chosen state dark is obtained by spectral shaping of the excitation laser used for the optical pumping. Molecules present in this state cannot absorb photons because the laser does not provide the necessary resonant frequencies. While a broadband laser is dedicated to cool the vibrational degrees of freedom, a second narrowband laser is used to cool the rotational one because the small rotational splitting of Cs2 levels requires a narrowband source. This method is very general indeed. Simulations, for the cesium case are in very good agreement with the experiment, show that it can be applied to many other molecules. Furthermore, it could pave the way to the optical manipulation of molecular beams, to direct laser cooling of molecules and beam collimation with possible lithography applications
Production of a monocinetic ion cesium source based on laser cooled atoms for coupling with a focused ion beam column.
No full textCette thèse porte sur l'étude de la production d'une source d'ionsCes travaux de thèse ont consisté à étudier la faisabilité d'une source d'ions césium brillante et de faible dispersion énergétique à partir d'atomes froids dans le but de la coupler à une optique de faisceau d'ions focalisés (FIB).Il s'agit de produire une source ionique continue, de fort courant et de plus faible dispersion en énergie que les sources actuellement utilisées. Un schéma expérimental innovant a donc été imaginé.Un flux continu d'atomes de césium est issu d'un four à recirculation. Les atomes sont ensuite collimatés et compressés en se basant su les techniques de refroidissement d'atomes par laser. Des simulations de la mélasse optique pour la collimation et du MOT-2D pour la compression sont présentées. Issus d'un jet effusif de césium produit par un four à recirculation, la collimation grâce à une mélasse optique et la compression effectuée en en utilisant un MOT-2D des atomes de césium a été étudiée. Le schéma d'ionisation des atomes de césium passe par une excitation vers un état de Rydberg puis par une ionisation par champ électrique. Les propriétés remarquables des atomes pour ces niveaux d'énergie permettent d'obtenir une ionisation des atomes en champ électrique quasi-instantanée qui permet la minimisation de la dispersion énergétique. Nous avons développer une simulation permettant d'étudier les propriétés du champ électrique nécessaire pour l'ionisation afin de choisir le niveau de Rydberg approprié. Des simulations complémentaires ont permis de définir et de concevoir les électrodes nécessaires à la production du champ électrique d'excitation et d'ionisation. Une première étude des effets coulombiens de la source d'ions lors de l'ionisation des atomes de Rydberg est présentée. Enfin, l'étude théorique du couplage de la source obtenue avec une optique de faisceaux d'ions focalisés est réalisée.Un montage expérimental vient compléter ces diverses études et a permis d'obtenir les premiers résultats.The main goal of this thesis consists on studying the production of a bright ion cesium source with a low energy dispersion. In this work, the technology of cold atoms is used to coupled this source with optical elements of focused ion beams (FIB).A cw ionic source with high current and small energy spread is necessary to complete the performances of others available sources. A new experimenal scheme is presented here.A continuous high flux of cesium atoms is produced by a recirculating oven. The atoms are the collimated and compessed using laser cooling technology. Several simulations concerning the collimation and the compression have been made.A different way of producing ions comes from the excitation in an electric field of Rydberg atoms and then their ionization in an electric field. The remarkable properties of Rydberg atoms show the possibilty to ionize them almost instantanely reducing this way the energy spread. In the work several simulations indicate the way to choose the right Rydberg state for this application and the correct corresponding electric field.Further simulations determinate the electrdes needed for the excitation and the ionization of the Rydberg atoms from the beam. Moreover, a first study of the coulombian effects occuring in this ion source is described. Finally, a theorical study of the ion source and optic FIB coupling is shown.The description of the experimental setup and the first results complete this work
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