509 research outputs found
Howard Pyle in Wisconsin
No full textExcerpts from Howard Pyle in Wisconsin. The book traces the history of paintings by the famed author and illustrator which arrived in Green Bay in 1904.https://digitalcommons.snc.edu/homepage_gallery/1002/thumbnail.jp
Interplanetary robots: true stories of space exploration/ Rod Pyle.
No full textIncludes bibliographical references and index.A NASA insider tells the exciting story of robotic space missions to explore the solar system. Exploring the planets has been a goal of America's space program since the dawn of the space race. This insider's perspective examines incredible missions of robotic spacecraft to every corner of our solar system and beyond. Some were flown into glory, while others were planned and relegated to dusty filing cabinets. All were remarkable in their aspirations. Award-winning science writer Rod Pyle profiles both the remarkable spacecraft and the amazing scientists and engineers who made them possible. From the earliest sprints past Venus and Mars to Voyager1's current explorations of the space between the stars, this exciting book sheds new light on ever-more ambitious journeys designed to increase the human reach into the solar system. Drawing on his perspective as a writer for NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, ground zero for NASA's planetary exploration, the author further details plans now in development to look for signs of life on Jupiter's moon Europa, submarines that will dive into the hazy hydrocarbon lakes of Saturn's moon Titan, and intelligent spacecraft that will operate for months without human intervention on Mars and in the outer solar system well into the 2030s. Equally compelling are programs of exploration that were considered but never left the drawing board, such as automobile-sized biology laboratories designed for a Mars landing in the 1960s and plans to detonate atomic bombs on the moon. Complemented by many rarely-seen photos and illustrations, these stories of incredible engineering achievements, daring imaginations, and technological genius will fascinate and inspire.1 online resourc
Community Services in Memory of Ernie Pyle
No full textAudio recording of Community memorial services for Ernie Pyle, Albuquerque, N.M., May 13, 1945. Includes tributes by Sgt. William E. Teets and William A. Keleher. Music performed by Male Chorus of Service Men, Mrs. Thelma Mock, Organist. Invocation, Major Durand H. Bonner, Station Chaplain, Kirtland Field. Benediction, Rev. Daniel W. Krahe
Claiming a Space of Empowerment: Exploring Hispanic Feminist Theology and the Struggle towards Justice and Liberation
No full textPyle links liberation and empowerment to the carving out of space. Those individuals and communities who live without space, who have borders incessantly drawn around them, preventing them from building their own space, are those who suffer oppression most deeply. Hispanic women profoundly experience this spacelessness. Finding a remedy for this requires that they build a community in a space they make for themselves. Pyle looks towards the Lady of Guadalupe as a potential example and inspiration to these women. While disappointed by the current representation of this image as ultimately submissive, the author challenges Hispanic women to claim this woman as their own, recraft her image, and create a space of empowerment based around this newly understood symbol. Their community in religion can lead to the destruction of the boundaries which limit them and the creation of a new, liberated community
Sisters in Sorrow and Durga’s Incarnations: the double-edged sword of shakti
No full textThis article examines the relationship between the depiction of women and femininity in Hindu myth and the lives and possible oppression of Hindu women today. The author synthesizes this question with Sallie McFague\u27s theory that the way in which cultures use language to construct god(s) reveals how that culture conceptualizes the roles of different members of the community. The first notion that Pyle pursues within this question is dharma. Dharma can be roughly understood as the fulfillment of each person\u27s appropriate role. For women, their primary dharma is to care for their husband and their children. This often consists of a level of nurturing and obedience that places all of their needs and concerns below the needs and concerns of their spouses and children. This idea is embodied in the story of Sita, which women have often told as a way of commiserating on the challenges of womanhood. This story, however, found a retelling in the hands of Mahatma Gandhi, who emphasized Sita\u27s independence and strength in order to bring women into the political arena. Sita\u27s perfectly obedient femininity is juxtaposed, however, with Durga, the warrior goddess who reigns over kings and warriors and who defeats demons no god could. Both of these figures are in possession of Shakti: the force that gives and destroys life. Pyle asks how two such images can exist within one understanding of Hindu womanhood. She concludes that they cannot: that the two forms exist simultaneously, both as perfect representations of femininity. Through the lens of Sallie McFague, Pyle concludes that Hindu woman have the right to decide when they feel oppressed, and at that point to use their own voice and language to redefine womanhood when it becomes necessar
Chromis degruyi Pyle, Earle & Greene, 2008, new species
No full textChromis degruyi, new species urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 1859 B 68 B- 340 C- 44 F 9 -BEAB-D 75 BAED 300 F 2 DeGruy’s Chromis (Figs. 4 a – 4 c; Table 5; Morphbank 122; DigiMorph 123; GenBank 124; Barcode 125) Holotype. BPBM 40842 126 (81.0 mm SL), Belau (Palau) Islands; Kayangel Atoll, W side; on outer reef dropoff near tip of small reef extension (8 ° 4 ' 16.64 "N, 134 ° 40 ' 54.52 "E): rocky ledge with holes at base of steep sandy slope with many gorgonians, 85 m, hand net, R.L. Pyle, 22 April 2007 [PCMB 3086 127]. Paratypes. BMNH 2007.10. 31.4 128 (38.7 mm SL), Caroline Islands; Yap, S end; “Magic Kingdom” (9 ° 26 ' 3.41 "N, 138 ° 2 ' 5.96 "E): deep rubble on rocky slope, 85 m, quinaldine and hand net, R.L. Pyle, 20 April 2007 [PCMB 3084 129]. CAS 225758 130 (38.3 mm SL), Caroline Islands; Puluwat Atoll; Alet Islet, S side (7 ° 21 ' 15.44 "N, 149 ° 10 ' 47.03 "E): outer reef drop-off with small caves and holes, 100–103 m, quinaldine and hand net, R.L. Pyle and B.D. Greene, 11 April 2007 [PCMB 3032 131]. USNM 391139 132 (76.6 mm SL), Belau (Palau) Islands; off Ngemlis Island; below and slightly to the N of the Blue Holes cave system (7 ° 8 ' 16.49 "N, 134 ° 13 ' 18.5 "E): in coral and rubble at the base of a large boulder offset from the drop-off, 88 m, hand net, R.L. Pyle, 27 April 2007 [PCMB 3114 133]. WAM P. 32901 -001 134 (82.4 mm SL), Belau (Palau) Islands; Ngaruangl Atoll, S end (8 ° 8 ' 50.39 "N, 134 ° 37 ' 3.47 "E), 115 m, hand net, R.L. Pyle, 23 April 2007 [PCMB 3088 135]. Diagnosis. Dorsal rays XIII–XIV, 11–12 (usually XIV, 12); anal rays II, 11–12 (usually 12); pectoral rays 18; spiniform caudal rays 3; tubed lateral-line scales 15–17; gill rakers 7 + 20–21 (total 27–28); body depth 1.84–1.99 in SL; color of adults when fresh dull brownish yellow with nine thin lavender-gray stripes on side of body, with a prominent black spot on dorsal half of pectoral-fin base. Description. Dorsal rays XIV, 12 (one paratype with XIII, another with 11); anal rays II, 12 (one paratype with 11); all dorsal and anal rays branched, the last to base in some specimens; pectoral rays 18, the upper 2 and lowermost unbranched; pelvic rays I, 5; principal caudal rays 8 + 7 = 15; upper and lower procurrent caudal rays 5, the anterior 3 spiniform, the posterior 2 segmented and unbranched; tubed lateral-line scales 16 | 15 (15–17, one paratype with 17); posterior midlateral scales with a pore or deep pit 8 | 9 (5–9); scales above dorsal fin to origin of dorsal fin 3; scales below lateral line to origin of anal fin 9 (one paratype with 8); gill rakers 7 + 20 = 27 (7 + 20–21 = 27–28); surpaneural (predorsal) bones 3; vertebrae 12 + 13. Body moderately deep, depth 1.84 (1.92–1.99) in SL, and compressed, the width 2.87 (2.73–3.29) in body depth; head length 3.10 (2.95–3.18) in SL; dorsal profile of head with slight convexity anterior to eye, very slight concavity dorsal to eye, and very slight convexity on nape; snout shorter than orbit diameter, its length 4.05 (3.63–4.38) in head length; orbit diameter 2.77 (2.12–2.95) in head length; interorbital space convex, its width 2.73 (2.73–3.15) in head length; caudal-peduncle depth 2.18 (2.11–2.27) in head; caudal-peduncle length 2.83 (2.69–3.37) in head. TABLE 5. Proportional measurements (%SL) and counts of Chromis degruyi, new species. Values separated by a pipe “|” are left|right or upper|lower. Holotype Paratypes Mouth terminal, small, oblique, the upper jaw forming an angle of about 37 º to horizontal axis of head and body; posterior edge of maxilla reaching slightly beyond a vertical at anterior edge of pupil, the upper jaw length 2.91 (3.05–3.18) in head; teeth multi-serial, an outer row of conical teeth in each jaw, largest anteriorly; about 20 upper and about 20 lower teeth on each side of jaw; a narrow band of villiform teeth lingual to outer row, in 2–3 irregular rows anteriorly, narrowing to a single row on side of jaws; tongue triangular with rounded tip; gill rakers long and slender, the longest on lower limb near angle about three-fourths length of longest gill filaments; nostril with a fleshy rim, more elevated on posterior edge and located at level of middle of pupil, slightly less than one-third distance from front of snout to base of upper lip. Opercle ending posteriorly in a flat spine, the tip relatively obtuse and obscured by a large scale; margin of preopercle smooth, the posterior margin extending dorsally to level of upper edge of pupil; suborbital with free lower margin extending nearly to a vertical at posterior edge of pupil. Scales finely ctenoid; anterior lateral line ending beneath rear portion of spinous dorsal fin (between 13 th and 14 th dorsal-fin spines); head scaled except lips, tip of snout, and a narrow zone from orbit to edge of snout containing nostrils; a scaly sheath at base of dorsal and anal fins, about two-thirds pupil diameter at base of middle of spinous portion of dorsal fin, progressively narrower on soft portion; a column of scales on each membrane of dorsal fin, narrowing distally, those on spinous portion of dorsal progressively longer, reaching about two-thirds distance to spine tips on posterior membranes; scales on anal-fin membrane in two columns, progressively smaller distally; small scales on caudal fin extending slightly more than two-thirds distance to posterior margin; small scales on basal one-fifth of pectoral fins; a median scaly process extending posteriorly from between base of pelvic fins, its length about half that of pelvic spine; axillary scale above base of pelvic spine about one-half length of spine. Origin of dorsal fin over third lateral-line scale, the pre-dorsal distance 2.39 (2.30–2.41) in SL; base of spinous portion of dorsal fin contained 2.17 (2.14–2.34) in SL; base of soft portion of dorsal fin contained 6.66 (6.54–7.17) in SL; first dorsal spine 12.33 (9.51–12.14) in SL; second dorsal spine 8.15 (6.84–7.96) in SL; third dorsal spine 5.88 (5.53–6.39) in SL; fourth dorsal spine 5.23 (5.04–5.87) in SL; fifth dorsal spine 5.08 (5.17–5.76) in SL; sixth dorsal spine 5.07 (4.93–5.79) in SL; last dorsal spine 6.27 (6.14–7.04) in SL; membranes of spinous portion of dorsal fin moderately incised; fourth dorsal soft ray longest, its length 4.95 (4.54–5.04) in SL; first anal spine 11.30 (10.99–13.08) in SL; second anal spine 3.84 (3.76–4.52) in SL; first anal soft ray the longest, its length 4.48 (4.34–5.15) in SL; caudal fin forked, its length 2.84 (2.26–3.29) in SL, the caudal concavity 5.63 (4.37–5.46) in SL; fourth pectoral-fin ray longest, 2.99 (2.79–3.20) in SL; pelvic spine 5.36 (5.66–6.12) in SL; first soft ray of pelvic fin filamentous, usually reaching to first or second analfin ray (when not broken or otherwise damaged), its length 2.94 (2.95–4.17) in SL. Color of adults when fresh dull brownish yellow with nine thin lavender-gray stripes, some faint, the middle 4 or 5 extending onto caudal peduncle; nape area olive-brown, lighter on thorax and ventrally to anus, becoming yellowish white; black spot slightly smaller than orbit at upper pectoral axil; faint diffuse lavender blotch smaller than orbit on opercle edge at level of lower orbit, not apparent underwater; olivaceous with brown stripes and greenish olive in nape area when observed underwater; spinous portion of dorsal fin olivebrown, distal one-fourth yellowish white; basal half of soft dorsal fin dark brown with almost black outer margin, distal half very light yellowish white to translucent on some specimens; caudal fin olive-brown, inner rays yellowish white; anal fin spines yellowish white, rays and membranes on basal half light olive-brown becoming distally yellowish white; black blotch smaller than orbit centered in posterior distal anal fin, more apparent in large specimens; pectoral fin translucent; pelvic-fin spine and first ray white, successive rays and membranes on basal half olive-brown, distal half yellowish white; iris brownish yellow; juveniles bluish gray; a bright yellow blotch on the distal half of the soft dorsal fin, covering the second through fifth dorsal soft rays, rays 6 to last paler than anterior part of soft dorsal fin; a bright yellow stripe from posterior base of soft dorsal fin in a band approximately the width of 2 scales continuing dorsally to tip of outer rays of dorsal lobe of caudal fin; lower caudal rays with a similar yellow band commencing ventrally on caudal peduncle and extending to distal tip of lower caudal fin rays, approximately 7 median caudal rays white; third through seventh anal-fin rays and intervening membranes bright yellow on distal third, succeeding rays white. Color in alcohol similar to fresh color, except paler brown overall. Distribution. Observed or collected throughout the Caroline Islands, from Puluwat to Palau. A Chromis resembling the juvenile of this species was observed in Fagatele Bay in May 2001 by the senior author. Etymology. Named degruyi to honor Michael V. DeGruy, in recognition of the sincere enthusiasm and determination he demonstrated while attempting to collect the first adult specimen of this species. Remarks. The habitat of this species is similar to that of other species described herein: deep outer-reef slopes at depths of 85–120 m, usually in the vicinity of rock outcrops with small holes and caves, and around limestone talus. It is generally not as abundant as other species of Chromis described here, usually found in small groups and observed feeding low in the water column. The species appears most similar to other deep-dwelling species of Chromis described previously (see Remarks section of C. abyssus). Juveniles superficially resemble C. opercularis 136 (Günther in Playfair and Günther 1867) in color, but are easily distinguished from that species on several morphological characters (e.g., usually XIV dorsal-fin spines in C. degruyi, vs. XIII in C. opercularis; body depth 1.84–1.99 in SL vs. 2.1–2.3 in C. opercularis), as well as adult coloration. Some aspects of the adult coloration are similar to C. planesi Lecchini and Williams 2004, but C. degruyi differs from that species in many other aspects of adult coloration as well as number of pectoral-fin rays (20 in C. planesi vs. 18 in C. degruyi), dorsal-fin soft rays (usually 13 vs. usually 12), and tubed lateral-line scales (17 vs. usually 15–16).Published as part of Richard L. Pyle, John L. Earle & Brian D. Greene, 2008, Five new species of the damselfish genus Chromis (Perciformes: Labroidei: Pomacentridae) from deep coral reefs in the tropical western Pacific, pp. 3-31 in Zootaxa 1671 on pages 18-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18018
Organized business, political regimes and property rights across the Russian Federation
No full textAbstract: This article explores the inter-relationship of collective action within the business community, the nature of the political regime and the security of firms’ property rights. Drawing on a pair of surveys recently administered in Russia, we present evidence that post-communist business associations have begun to coordinate business influence over state actors in a manner that is sensitive to regional politics. A firm’s ability to defend itself from government predation and to shape its institutional environment as well as its propensity to invest in physical capital are strongly related to both its membership in a business association and the level of democratization in its region. Of particular note, the positive effect of association membership on securing property rights increases in less democratic regions. The evidence, that is, suggests that collective action in the business community substitutes for democratic pressure in constraining public officials.collective action; property rights; political institutions; business associations
Chromis abyssus Pyle, Earle & Greene, 2008, new species
No full textChromis abyssus, new species urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8 BDC0735-FEA 4-4298 - 83 FA-D04F 67 C 3 FBEC Deep Blue Chromis (Figs. 1 a – 1 c; Table 1; Morphbank 59; DigiMorph 60; GenBank 61; Barcode 62) Holotype. BPBM 40861 63 (81.6 mm SL), Belau (Palau) Islands; off Ngemelis Island; below and slightly N of Blue Holes caverns (7 ° 8 ' 16.49 "N, 134 ° 13 ' 18.5 "E): above large rock outcrop, 110 m, hand net, R.L. Pyle, 27 April 2007 [PCMB 3113 64]. Paratypes. BMNH 2007.10. 31.1 65 (50.2 mm SL) [PCMB 3103 66]. BPBM 40855 67 (3; 37.6 –98.0 mm SL) [PCMB 3100 68, 3102 69]. CAS 225755 70 (64.1 mm SL) [PCMB 3105 71]. MNHN 2007.1922 72 (63.7 mm SL) [PCMB 3104 73]. USNM 391136 74 (2; 44.4–90.2 mm SL) [PCMB 3101 75]. WAM P. 32898 -001 76 (64.5 mm SL) [PCMB 3106 77]. All from same locality as holotype: sand and rubble slope with scattered rock outcroppings, 107–116 m, quinaldine and hand net, R.L. Pyle and B.D. Greene, 25 April 2007. Diagnosis. Dorsal rays XIV, 12–13 (usually 13); anal rays II, 12–14 (usually 13); pectoral rays 18–19 (usually 19); spiniform caudal rays 3; tubed lateral-line scales 14–16; gill rakers 6–7 + 17–18 (usually 7 + 18; total 24–25, usually 25); body depth 1.58–1.83 in SL; color when fresh dark gray with a large iridescent dark blue spot at center of each scale; membranes on median fins and pelvic fins opaque charcoal gray, with an iridescent dark blue margin on the spinous portion of the dorsal and anal fins; caudal fin mottled iridescent dark blue and black; pectoral fins with a black ovoid spot covering the basal portion and pectoral-fin axil. Description. Dorsal rays XIV, 13 (two paratypes with XIV, 12); anal rays II, 13 (II, 12–14); all dorsal and anal rays branched, the last to base in some specimens; pectoral rays 19 (one paratype with 18), the upper 2 and lowermost unbranched; pelvic rays I, 5; principal caudal rays 8 + 7 = 15; upper and lower procurrent caudal rays 5, the anterior 3 spiniform, the posterior 2 segmented and unbranched; tubed lateral-line scales 16 | 14 (14–16 except for one paratype with 11 | 15); posterior midlateral scales with a pore or deep pit 7 | 6 (5–8); scales above dorsal fin to origin of dorsal fin 3.5 (3–3.5); scales below lateral line to origin of anal fin 9 (9–10); gill rakers 7 + 18 = 25 (6–7 + 17–18 = 24–25), 6 gill rakers on upper limb of gill arch in one paratype, 17 gill rakers on lower limb of gill arch in one paratype); surpaneural (predorsal) bones 3; vertebrae 12 + 13. Body moderately deep, depth 1.73 (1.58–1.83) in SL, and compressed, the width 3.23 (2.65–3.56) in body depth; head length 3.01 (2.79–3.05) in SL; dorsal profile of head with slight convexity anterior to eye, slight concavity dorsal to eye, and slight convexity on nape; snout shorter than orbit diameter, its length 4.11 (4.00– 5.74) in head length; orbit diameter 2.66 (2.28–2.90) in head length; interorbital space convex, its width 2.79 (2.59–2.92) in head length; caudal-peduncle depth 2.17 (2.15–2.59) in head; caudal-peduncle length 3.01 (3.34–4.39) in head. Mouth terminal, small, oblique, the upper jaw forming an angle of about 40 º to horizontal axis of head and body; posterior edge of maxilla reaching slightly beyond a vertical at anterior edge of pupil, the upper jaw length 3.57 (3.39–4.11) in head; an outer row of conical teeth in each jaw, largest anteriorly; about 27 upper and about 20 lower teeth on each side of jaw; a narrow band of villiform teeth lingual to outer row, in 2–3 irregular rows anteriorly, narrowing to a single row on side of jaws; tongue triangular with rounded tip; gill rakers long and slender, the longest on lower limb near angle about four-fifths length of longest gill filaments; nostril with a fleshy rim, more elevated on posterior edge and located at level of middle of pupil, slightly less than one-third distance from front of snout to base of upper lip. Opercle ending posteriorly in a flat spine, the tip relatively obtuse and obscured by a large scale; margin of preopercle smooth, the posterior margin extending dorsally to level of upper edge of pupil; suborbital with free lower margin extending nearly to a vertical at posterior edge of pupil. Scales finely ctenoid; anterior lateral line ending beneath rear portion of spinous dorsal fin (between 11 th and 12 th dorsal-fin spines); head scaled except lips, tip of snout, and a narrow zone from orbit to edge of snout containing nostrils; a scaly sheath at base of dorsal and anal fins, about two-thirds pupil diameter at base of middle of spinous portion of dorsal fin, progressively narrower on soft portion; a column of scales on each membrane of dorsal fin, narrowing distally, those on spinous portion of dorsal progressively longer, reaching about two-thirds distance to spine tips on posterior membranes; scales on anal-fin membrane in two columns, progressively smaller distally; small scales on caudal fin extending slightly more than two-thirds distance to posterior margin; small scales on basal one-fifth of pectoral fins; a median scaly process extending posteriorly from between base of pelvic fins, its length about half that of pelvic spine; axillary scale above base of pelvic spine about one-half length of spine. Origin of dorsal fin over second lateral-line scale, the pre-dorsal length 2.29 (2.24–2.54) in SL; base of spinous portion of dorsal fin contained 2.24 (2.02–2.39) in SL; base of soft portion of dorsal fin contained 5.75 (5.65–6.48) in SL; first dorsal spine 10.85 (7.78–11.01) in SL; second dorsal spine 6.64 (5.22–7.14) in SL; third dorsal spine 5.41 (4.53–5.42) in SL; fourth dorsal spine 5.00 (4.44–5.08) in SL; fifth dorsal spine 4.88 (4.39–5.05) in SL; sixth dorsal spine 4.90 (4.45–4.99) in SL; last dorsal spine 6.19 (6.11–7.40) in SL; membranes of spinous portion of dorsal fin moderately incised; fourth dorsal soft ray longest, sometimes with a filamentous extension, its length 4.39 (4.21–5.06) in SL; first anal spine 10.92 (8.76–11.13) in SL; second anal spine 4.03 (3.66–4.24) in SL; first anal soft ray the longest, its length 4.41 (4.15–4.62) in SL; caudal fin forked, without significant filamentous extensions, its length 2.89 (2.87–3.64) in SL, the caudal concavity 5.83 (4.54 –8.00) in SL; fourth pectoral-fin ray longest, 2.77 (2.65–3.08) in SL; pelvic spine 5.20 (4.95–5.67) in SL; first soft ray of pelvic fin filamentous, usually reaching to first through third anal-fin ray (when not broken or damaged), its length 2.86 (2.54–4.03) in SL. Color of adults and juveniles when fresh predominantly charcoal gray, a large iridescent dark blue spot at center of each scale (including scales on head and median fins), blue spots occupying about half of visible area of each scale on body, decreasing in size slightly towards abdomen and ventral portion of body, blue spots forming a near-continuous line along base of dorsal and anal fins, a vertical column of scales with iridescent dark blue spots extending dorsally on each interspinous membrane of dorsal fin, blue spots on scales covering soft portions of dorsal and anal fins varying in size, forming a mottled pattern of blue and black; membranes on median fins and pelvic fins opaque charcoal gray, with an iridescent dark blue margin on spinous portion of the dorsal fin, and a broad iridescent dark blue margin on the anal fin; caudal fin mottled iridescent dark blue and black; pelvic-fin spine entirely iridescent dark blue, an iridescent dark blue streak on the pelvic-fin soft rays, the filamentous extension on the pelvic fin white; pectoral fins translucent charcoal gray with a ovoid black spot on base and axil; iris charcoal gray to black; iridescent blue fleshy orbit margin. Color in alcohol similar to general color pattern when fresh, except charcoal gray pigment sometimes fades to brownish gray, and iridescent dark blue is either faded to pale gray blue, or has disappeared altogether (leaving the specimen uniform brownish gray, or sometimes charcoal gray overall). Distribution. Only collected from the type locality; also observed at similar depths at Augulpelu Reef in Palau. An individual of what appears to be this species was observed and photographed by Mr. Forrest Young at 120–150 m near Manado, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Etymology. Named abyssus, a Latinized form of the Greek noun abyssos (meaning “abyss”), to honor the documentary film Pacific Abyss, produced by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), which funded the expedition on which the type specimens were collected. The vernacular name “Deep Blue Chromis ”, a reference to both the life color of this species and the relatively (within the context of the genus) deep-dwelling habits, is suggested instead of the more literally translated “Abyss Chromis ”, so as not to imply that the species inhabits depths commonly defined as “abyssal”. Remarks. This species was first observed by the senior author on May 10, 1997, during a mixed-gas rebreather dive to 120 m on the east side of Augulpelu Reef; Palau (07º 16.41 ' N, 134 º 31.44 ' E). It was later observed at the same reef at depths of 117–139 m from a submersible by Patrick L. Colin and Lori J. Bell in February–March, 2001. In April 2005, Mr. Forrest Young and colleagues observed several individuals of this (or a very similar) species during mixed-gas rebreather dives at depths of 120–150 m at Manado, Sulawesi, Indonesia. The type specimens included herein are the first of this species to be collected. From these observations, C. abyssus appears to prefer depths in excess of 115 m, staying close to the substratum among boulders and rock outcroppings, where it takes refuge in small caves and holes. Juveniles and some subadults were also observed around limestone talus. Adults were usually observed singly or in pairs, while subadults and juveniles were seen in small groups. All type specimens were collected in the same general area, where the species is not uncommon. Other Chromis observed in the vicinity include three of the new species described herein (C. brevirostris, C. degruyi, and C. earina). Chromis abyssus is not obviously allied with any other known species of the genus. It shares some similarities with a group of seven Indo-Pacific deep-dwelling Chromis species, characterized by a similar stout body shape, a large eye, and usually XIV dorsal spines. In their 1985 description of C. abyssicola, Allen and Randall noted a complex of deep-dwelling Chromis species distinguished by, among other characters, 19 or 20 pectoral rays, and 28–34 gill rakers. In addition to C. abyssicola, their complex included C. megalopsis 78 Allen 1976 (now regarded as a junior synonym of C. mirationis Tanaka 1917), C. mirationis Tanaka 1917 and C. struhsakeri Randall and Swerdloff 1973, to which we would add the subsequently named C. planesi 79 Lecchini and Williams 2004. C. abyssus has fewer pectoral rays (18 or 19) and fewer gill rakers (24–28) than members of this species complex, and may comprise a second grouping of deep-dwelling Chromis species, along with C. okamuri Yamakawa and Randall 1989 from Japan, the East African C. woodsi 80 Bruner and Arnam 1979 (both easily distinguished from C. abyssus on the basis of color and certain morphological characters such as number of gill rakers and tubed lateral-line scales), as well as the two new species C. circumaurea and C. degruyi, both described herein. Of the remaining two deep-dwelling Indo-Pacific stout-bodied Chromis species with XIV spines, C. onumai Senou and Kudo 2007 has the high pectoral-ray count of the first complex (19–20) and the gill-raker count of the second (25–27). C. axillaris 81 (Bennett 1831) has a wide gillraker range (26–30) and cannot easily be placed in either complex by this character. Of the three new Chromis with XIV dorsal-fin spines described herein (C. abyssus, C. circumaurea, and C. degruyi), each has a unique and distinctive color pattern, and is readily distinguished from the others. Among the three, the former two (C. abyssus and C. circumaurea) share the most similarities both in terms of morphology and in Barcode DNA sequence data.Published as part of Richard L. Pyle, John L. Earle & Brian D. Greene, 2008, Five new species of the damselfish genus Chromis (Perciformes: Labroidei: Pomacentridae) from deep coral reefs in the tropical western Pacific, pp. 3-31 in Zootaxa 1671 on pages 6-9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18018
Chromis circumaurea Pyle, Earle & Greene, 2008, new species
No full textChromis circumaurea, new species urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8 ADC 4817 - 8 F 1 C- 4 C 88 - 8 B 8 A- 5372 A 84 CAEC 9 Gold-rim Chromis (Figs. 3 a – 3 c, Table 4; Morphbank 105; GenBank 106; Barcode 107) Holotype. BPBM 40836 108 (98.2 mm SL), Caroline Islands; Yap, S end; “Magic Kingdom” (9 ° 26 ' 3.41 "N, 138 ° 2 ' 5.96 "E): among boulders on sloping shelf above deep drop-off, 98–100 m, hand net, R.L. Pyle and B.D. Greene, 20 April 2007 [PCMB 3080 109]. Paratypes. BMNH 2007.10. 31.3 110 (102.4 mm SL) [PCMB 3081 111]. CAS 225757 112 (97.6 mm SL) [PCMB 3078 113]. MNHN 2007 - 1924 114 (92.5 mm SL) [PCMB 3076 115]. USNM 391138 116 (94.2 mm SL) [PCMB 3077 117]. WAM P. 32900 -001 118 (96.6 mm SL) [PCMB 3079 119]. All with same data as holotype. Diagnosis. Dorsal rays XIV, 12–13 (usually 13); anal rays II, 13–14 (usually 13); pectoral rays 18–19; spiniform caudal rays 3; tubed lateral-line scales 16–17; gill rakers 6–7 + 20–21 (total 26–27); body depth 1.68–1.86 in SL; color when fresh mahogany brown with bright yellow distally on spinous portion of dorsal fin; soft portion of dorsal fin, caudal fin, and anal fin bright yellow. Description. Dorsal rays XIV, 13 (12 in one paratype); anal rays II, 13 (14 in one paratype); all dorsal and anal rays branched, the last to base in some specimens; pectoral rays 19 (18–19), the upper 2 and lowermost unbranched; pelvic rays I, 5; principal caudal rays 8 + 7 = 15; upper and lower procurrent caudal rays 5, the anterior 3 spiniform, the posterior 2 segmented and unbranched; tubed lateral-line scales 16 | 17 (16–17); posterior midlateral scales with a pore or deep pit 8 (5–8); scales above dorsal fin to origin of dorsal fin 3.5 (3–3.5); scales below lateral line to origin of anal fin 10 (9–10.5); gill rakers 6 + 21 = 27 (6–7 + 20–21 = 26–27); surpaneural (predorsal) bones 3; vertebrae 12 + 13. Body moderately deep, depth 1.71 (1.68–1.86) in SL, and compressed, the width 3.02 (2.93–3.22) in body depth; head length 3.28 (3.18–3.37) in SL; dorsal profile of head with slight convexity anterior to eye, slight concavity dorsal to eye, and slight convexity on nape; snout shorter than orbit diameter, its length 3.71 (3.82–4.30) in head length; orbit diameter 2.61 (2.35–2.63) in head length; interorbital space convex, its width 2.61 (2.54–2.74) in head length; caudal-peduncle depth 2.04 (2.02–2.04) in head; caudal-peduncle length 3.19 (2.72–3.40) in head. Mouth terminal, small, oblique, the upper jaw forming an angle of about 40 º to horizontal axis of head and body; posterior edge of maxilla reaching slightly beyond a vertical at anterior edge of pupil, the upper jaw length 3.09 (2.86–3.22) in head; teeth multi-serial, an outer row of conical teeth in each jaw, largest anteriorly; about 32 upper and about 26 lower teeth on each side of jaw; a narrow band of villiform teeth lingual to outer row, in 2–3 irregular rows anteriorly, narrowing to a single row on side of jaws; tongue triangular with rounded tip; gill rakers long and slender, the longest on lower limb near angle about three-fourths length of longest gill filaments; nostril with a fleshy rim, more elevated on posterior edge and located at level of middle of pupil, slightly less than one-third distance from front of snout to base of upper lip. TABLE 4. Proportional measurements (%SL) and counts of Chromis circumaurea, new species. Values separated by a pipe “|” are left|right or upper|lower. Holotype Paratypes Opercle ending posteriorly in a flat spine, the tip relatively obtuse and obscured by a large scale; margin of preopercle smooth, the posterior margin extending dorsally to level of upper edge of pupil; suborbital with free lower margin extending nearly to a vertical at posterior edge of pupil. Scales finely ctenoid; anterior lateral line ending beneath rear portion of spinous dorsal fin (between 12 th and 13 th dorsal-fin spines); head scaled except lips, tip of snout, and a narrow zone from orbit to edge of snout containing nostrils; a scaly sheath at base of dorsal and anal fins, about two-thirds pupil diameter at base of middle of spinous portion of dorsal fin, progressively narrower on soft portion; a column of scales on each membrane of dorsal fin, narrowing distally, those on spinous portion of dorsal progressively longer, reaching about two-thirds distance to spine tips on posterior membranes; scales on anal-fin membrane in two columns, progressively smaller distally; small scales on caudal fin extending slightly more than two-thirds distance to posterior margin; small scales on basal one-fifth of pectoral fins; a median scaly process extending posteriorly from between base of pelvic fins, its length about half that of pelvic spine; axillary scale above base of pelvic spine slightly more than one-third length of spine. Origin of dorsal fin over fourth lateral-line scale, the pre-dorsal distance 2.31 (2.30–2.47) in SL; base of spinous portion of dorsal fin contained 2.14 (2.09–2.18) in SL; base of soft portion of dorsal fin contained 6.16 (5.68–6.35) in SL; first dorsal spine 12.62 (9.91–10.88) in SL; second dorsal spine 6.83 (6.13–6.88) in SL; third dorsal spine 5.52 (4.81–5.53) in SL; fourth dorsal spine 4.88 (4.73–5.09) in SL; fifth dorsal spine 4.86 (4.66–5.02) in SL; sixth dorsal spine 4.82 (4.63–5.08) in SL; last dorsal spine 6.40 (6.13–6.57) in SL; membranes of spinous portion of dorsal fin moderately incised; fourth dorsal soft ray longest, its length 4.20 (4.18–4.67) in SL; first anal spine 11.98 (10.50–11.05) in SL; second anal spine 3.77 (3.89–4.15) in SL; first anal soft ray the longest, its length 4.18 (4.31–4.56) in SL; caudal fin forked, its length 3.17 (2.68–3.39) in SL, the caudal concavity 5.46 (5.20–6.44) in SL; fourth pectoral-fin ray longest, 2.77 (2.62–2.83) in SL; pelvic spine 5.78 (5.09–5.52) in SL; first soft ray of pelvic fin without long filamentous extension, usually not reaching anal fin, its length 3.89 (3.82–4.20) in SL. Color when fresh mahogany brown, appearing slate brown underwater; lateral line faintly brownish cream-colored; scales below lateral line with faint brownish cream-colored broad center area, forming approximately eight horizontal stripes visible underwater; spinous portion of dorsal fin same color as body, becoming bright yellow distally on first spine; second through last dorsal spines and membranes abruptly yellow distally, yellow portion increasing from distal one-fourth of fin at third spine to distal half at eleventh spine; soft dorsal fin entirely bright yellow except for posteriorly diminishing thin brown area basally on anterior 6 rays; caudal region from posterior base of dorsal fin to posterior tip of caudal fin uniform bright yellow; brown body color extends posterior to anal fin to lower anterior caudal peduncle; anal fin spines yellowish white; anal fin rays and membranes bright yellow; scales along ventral margin from anus to origin anal fin yellow; pectoral fin translucent; pelvic-fin spine translucent, medial yellow wash on anterior 3 pelvic rays, rays otherwise translucent; pelvic-fin membranes mahogany brown basally, translucent distally; iris brown with yellow wash. Color in alcohol similar to fresh color, except yellow portions are much paler yellow, and brown portions are slightly paler brown (much paler brown on thorax). Distribution. Observed from submersibles in the Marshall Islands and Mariana Islands, but only collected from Yap. Etymology. Named circumaurea, an adjective derived from the Latin words circum (meaning “around”) and aurea (meaning “golden, of gold”), in reference to the golden-yellow anal fin, caudal fin, and outer margin of the dorsal fin. Remarks. This species was first observed and photographed from a submersible by Patrick L. Colin at Enewetak in the Marshall Islands. An unconfirmed sighting and video clip of this species from the Mariana Islands requires verification. It was observed at Yap at depths of 98–120 m, in a group of about a dozen individuals living among large (~ 1–2 m) rock boulders just above the upper edge of a precipitous drop-off. A juvenile of approximately 40 mm SL was observed by the first author at a depth of 120 m, below the site where the type specimens were collected; its color pattern was consistent with that of the adults. Two photos appearing on p. 390 of Kuiter & Tonozuka (2001), labelled as Chromis analis 120 (Cuvier 1830), bear a remarkable resemblance to C. circumaurea, but differ in number of dorsal-fin spines (XIII vs. XIV) and color of body (paler in C. analis), caudal peduncle (dark centrally vs. entriely yellow), and central region of caudal fin (transparent vs. yellow). This species also bears a superficial resemblance in color to Chromis flavicauda 121 (Günther 1880) from the western Atlantic Ocean, but is readily distinguished from that species on the basis of body color (blue in C. flavicauda vs. brown in C. circumaurea), dorsal-fin rays (XIII, 11–12 vs. XIV, 12–13, usually 13), anal-fin soft rays (11 vs. 13). Similarities with other deep-dwelling species with XIV dorsal-fin spines, including the new species C. abyssus described herein, are discussed in the Remarks section of C. abyssus.Published as part of Richard L. Pyle, John L. Earle & Brian D. Greene, 2008, Five new species of the damselfish genus Chromis (Perciformes: Labroidei: Pomacentridae) from deep coral reefs in the tropical western Pacific, pp. 3-31 in Zootaxa 1671 on pages 15-18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18018
Chromis circumaurea Pyle, Earle & Greene, 2008, new species
No full textChromis circumaurea, new species urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8ADC4817-8F1C-4C88-8B8A-5372A84CAEC9 Gold-rim Chromis (Figs. 3a -3c, Ta b l e 4; Morphbank105; GenBank106; Barcode107) Holotype. BPBM 40836108 (98.2 mm SL), Caroline Islands; Yap, S end; "Magic Kingdom" (9°26'3.41"N, 138°2'5.96"E): among boulders on sloping shelf above deep drop-off, 98-100 m, hand net, R.L. Pyle and B.D. Greene, 20 April 2007 [PCMB 3080109]. Paratypes. BMNH 2007.10.31.3110 (102.4 mm SL) [PCMB 3081111]. CAS 225757112 (97.6 mm SL) [PCMB 3078113]. MNHN 2007-1924114 (92.5 mm SL) [PCMB 3076115]. USNM 391138116 (94.2 mm SL) [PCMB 3077117]. WAM P.32900-001118 (96.6 mm SL) [PCMB 3079119]. All with same data as holotype. Diagnosis. Dorsal rays XIV,12-13 (usually 13); anal rays II, 13-14 (usually 13); pectoral rays 18-19; spiniform caudal rays 3; tubed lateral-line scales 16-17; gill rakers 6-7+20-21 (total 26-27); body depth 1.68-1.86 in SL; color when fresh mahogany brown with bright yellow distally on spinous portion of dorsal fin; soft portion of dorsal fin, caudal fin, and anal fin bright yellow. Description. Dorsal rays XIV,13 (12 in one paratype); anal rays II,13 (14 in one paratype); all dorsal and anal rays branched, the last to base in some specimens; pectoral rays 19 (18-19), the upper 2 and lowermost unbranched; pelvic rays I,5; principal caudal rays 8+7=15; upper and lower procurrent caudal rays 5, the anterior3 spiniform, the posterior 2 segmented and unbranched; tubed lateral-line scales 16|17 (16-17); posterior midlateral scales with a pore or deep pit 8 (5-8); scales above dorsal fin to origin of dorsal fin 3.5 (3-3.5); scales below lateral line to origin of anal fin 10 (9-10.5); gill rakers 6+21=27 (6-7+20-21= 26-27); surpaneural(predorsal) bones 3; vertebrae 12+13. Body moderately deep, depth 1.71 (1.68-1.86) in SL, and compressed, the width 3.02 (2.93-3.22) in body depth; head length 3.28 (3.18-3.37) in SL; dorsal profile of head with slight convexity anterior to eye, slight concavity dorsal to eye, and slight convexity on nape; snout shorter than orbit diameter, its length 3.71 (3.82-4.30) in head length; orbit diameter 2.61 (2.35-2.63) in head length; interorbital space convex, its width 2.61 (2.54-2.74) in head length; caudal-peduncle depth 2.04 (2.02-2.04) in head; caudal-peduncle length 3.19 (2.72-3.40) in head. Mouth terminal, small, oblique, the upper jaw forming an angle of about 40º to horizontal axis of head and body; posterior edge of maxilla reaching slightly beyond a vertical at anterior edge of pupil, the upper jaw length 3.09 (2.86-3.22) in head; teeth multi-serial, an outer row of conical teeth in each jaw, largest anteriorly; about 32 upper and about 26 lower teeth on each side of jaw; a narrow band of villiform teeth lingual to outer row, in 2-3 irregular rows anteriorly, narrowing to a single row on side of jaws; tongue triangular with rounded tip; gill rakers long and slender, the longest on lower limb near angle about three-fourths length of longest gill filaments; nostril with a fleshy rim, more elevated on posterior edge and located at level of middle of pupil, slightly less than one-third distance from front of snout to base of upper lip. Opercle ending posteriorly in a flat spine, the tip relatively obtuse and obscured by a large scale; margin of preopercle smooth, the posterior margin extending dorsally to level of upper edge of pupil; suborbital with free lower margin extending nearly to a vertical at posterior edge of pupil. Scales finely ctenoid; anterior lateral line ending beneath rear portion of spinous dorsal fin (between 12th and 13th dorsal-fin spines); head scaled except lips, tip of snout, and a narrow zone from orbit to edge of snout containing nostrils; a scaly sheath at base of dorsal and anal fins, about two-thirds pupil diameter at base of middle of spinous portion of dorsal fin, progressively narrower on soft portion; a column of scales on each membrane of dorsal fin, narrowing distally, those on spinous portion of dorsal progressively longer, reaching about two-thirds distance to spine tips on posterior membranes; scales on anal-fin membrane in two columns, progressively smaller distally; small scales on caudal fin extending slightly more than two-thirds distance to posterior margin; small scales on basal one-fifth of pectoral fins; a median scaly process extending posteriorly from between base of pelvic fins, its length about half that of pelvic spine; axillary scale above base of pelvic spine slightly more than one-third length of spine. Origin of dorsal fin over fourth lateral-line scale, the pre-dorsal distance 2.31 (2.30-2.47) in SL; base of spinous portion of dorsal fin contained 2.14 (2.09-2.18) in SL; base of soft portion of dorsal fin contained 6.16 (5.68-6.35) in SL; first dorsal spine 12.62 (9.91-10.88) in SL; second dorsal spine 6.83 (6.13-6.88) in SL; third dorsal spine 5.52 (4.81-5.53) in SL; fourth dorsal spine 4.88 (4.73-5.09) in SL; fifth dorsal spine 4.86 (4.66-5.02) in SL; sixth dorsal spine 4.82 (4.63-5.08) in SL; last dorsal spine 6.40 (6.13-6.57) in SL; membranes of spinous portion of dorsal fin moderately incised; fourth dorsal soft ray longest, its length 4.20 (4.18-4.67) in SL; first anal spine 11.98 (10.50-11.05) in SL; second anal spine 3.77 (3.89-4.15) in SL; first anal soft ray the longest, its length 4.18 (4.31-4.56) in SL; caudal fin forked, its length 3.17 (2.68-3.39) in SL, the caudal concavity 5.46 (5.20-6.44) in SL; fourth pectoral-fin ray longest, 2.77 (2.62-2.83) in SL; pelvic spine 5.78 (5.09-5.52) in SL; first soft ray of pelvic fin without long filamentous extension, usually not reaching anal fin, its length 3.89 (3.82-4.20) in SL. Color when fresh mahogany brown, appearing slate brown underwater; lateral line faintly brownish cream-colored; scales below lateral line with faint brownish cream-colored broad center area, forming approximately eight horizontal stripes visible underwater; spinous portion of dorsal fin same color as body, becoming bright yellow distally on first spine; second through last dorsal spines and membranes abruptly yellow distally, yellow portion increasing from distal one-fourth of fin at third spine to distal half at eleventh spine; soft dorsal fin entirely bright yellow except for posteriorly diminishing thin brown area basally on anterior6 rays; caudal region from posterior base of dorsal fin to posterior tip of caudal fin uniform bright yellow; brown body color extends posterior to anal fin to lower anterior caudal peduncle; anal fin spines yellowish white; anal fin rays and membranes bright yellow; scales along ventral margin from anus to origin anal fin yellow; pectoral fin translucent; pelvic-fin spine translucent, medial yellow wash on anterior 3 pelvic rays, rays otherwise translucent; pelvic-fin membranes mahogany brown basally, translucent distally; iris brown with yellow wash. Color in alcohol similar to fresh color, except yellow portions are much paler yellow, and brown portions are slightly paler brown (much paler brown on thorax). Distribution. Observed from submersibles in the Marshall Islands and Mariana Islands, but only collected from Yap. Etymology. Named circumaurea, an adjective derived from the Latin words circum (meaning "around") and aurea (meaning "golden, of gold"), in reference to the golden-yellow anal fin, caudal fin, and outer margin of the dorsal fin. Remarks. This species was first observed and photographed from a submersible by Patrick L. Colin at Enewetak in the Marshall Islands. An unconfirmed sighting and video clip of this species from the Mariana Islands requires verification. It was observed at Yap at depths of 98-120 m, in a group of about a dozen individuals living among large (~1-2 m) rock boulders just above the upper edge of a precipitous drop-off. A juvenile of approximately 40 mm SL was observed by the first author at a depth of 120 m, below the site where the type specimens were collected; its color pattern was consistent with that of the adults. Two photos appearing on p. 390 of Kuiter & Tonozuka (2001), labelled as Chromis analis 120 (Cuvier 1830), bear a remarkable resemblance to C. circumaurea, but differ in number of dorsal-fin spines (XIII vs. XIV) and color of body (paler in C. analis), caudal peduncle (dark centrally vs. entriely yellow), and central region of caudal fin (transparent vs. yellow). This species also bears a superficial resemblance in color to Chromis flavicauda121 (Guenther 1880) from the western Atlantic Ocean, but is readily distinguished from that species on the basis of body color (blue in C. flavicauda vs. brown in C. circumaurea), dorsal-fin rays (XIII,11-12 vs. XIV,12-13, usually 13), anal-fin soft rays (11 vs. 13). Similarities with other deep-dwelling species with XIV dorsal-fin spines, including the new species C. abyssus described herein, are discussed in the Remarks section of C. abyssus.Published as part of Pyle, R. L., Earle, J. L. & Greene, B. D., 2008, Five new species of the damselfish genus Chromis (Perciformes: Labroidei: Pomacentridae) from deep coral reefs in the tropical western Pacific., pp. 3-31 in Zootaxa 1671 on pages 15-1
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