1,721,089 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Study of redundancies established by the immune system for the protection during murine cytomegalovirus infection
No full textChez la souris, les cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes (pDC) et natural killer (NK) contribuent à la résistance contre les infections systémiques par les virus herpétiques tels que le cytomégalovirus murin (MCMV). Les pDC représentent la source majeure d’interférons de type I (IFN-I) lors d’une infection par le MCMV. Cette réponse est dépendante de MyD88 et des récepteurs de type Toll 7 et 9. D’autre part, les cellules NK, qui expriment le récepteur d’activation Ly49H, peuvent détecter et lyser les cellules infectées par le MCMV. La perte de l’une de ces réponses augmente la sensibilité à l’infection. Cependant, la façon dont ces réponses antivirales interagissent est mal connue. Chez l’homme, bien que les réponses dépendantes des IFN-I soient essentielles, MyD88 semble superflu pour l’immunité antivirale. Cependant, les mécanismes susceptibles de compenser l’absence de MyD88 chez l’homme sont inconnus. Il a été supposé que les souris déficientes pour MyD88 ne parvenaient pas à monter de réponse protectrice dépendante des IFN-I lors d’infections par le MCMV. Afin d’évaluer cela, nous avons comparé la résistance de souris déficientes pour MyD88, les récepteurs aux IFN-I (IFNAR) et/ou Ly49H lors de cette infection. La déplétion sélective des pDC ou l’absence de MyD88 diminue drastiquement la production d’IFN-I, mais n’empêche pas l’établissement d’une forte réponse aux IFN-I dans la rate. De plus, l’absence de MyD88, mais pas celle d’IFNAR, peut être compensée par l’activité antivirale des cellules NK dépendant de Ly49H. Par conséquent, chez la souris, MyD88 est redondant pour l’établissement d’une réponse splénique aux IFN-I lors d’une infection systémique par le MCMV.In mice, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) and natural killer (NK) cells both contribute to resistance to systemic infections with herpes viruses including mouse Cytomegalovirus (MCMV). pDCs are the major source of type I IFN (IFN-I) during MCMV infection. This response requires pDC-intrinsic MyD88-dependent signaling by Toll-Like Receptors 7 and 9. Provided that they express appropriate recognition receptors such as Ly49H, NK cells can directly sense and kill MCMV-infected cells. The loss of any one of these responses has been reported to increase susceptibility to infection. However, the relative importance of these antiviral immune responses and how they are related remain unclear. In humans, while IFN-I responses are essential, MyD88 appears to be dispensable for antiviral immunity. However, the mechanisms that could compensate MyD88 deficiency in humans have not been elucidated. Moreover, it has been assumed, but not proven, that MyD88-deficient mice fail to mount protective IFN-I responses to systemic herpes virus infections. To address these issues, we compared resistance to MCMV infection between mouse strains deficient for MyD88, the IFN-I receptor (IFNAR) and/or Ly49H. We show that selective depletion of pDC or genetic deficiencies for MyD88 drastically decreased production of IFN-I, but not the protective antiviral responses mediated by these cytokines. Moreover, MyD88, but not IFNAR, deficiency could be compensated by Ly49H mediated antiviral NK cell responses. Thus, contrary to the current dogma, but consistent with the situation in humans, we conclude that, in mice, MyD88 is redundant for splenic IFN-I responses against a systemic herpes virus infection
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Investigating the functions of dendritic cells in activating cytotoxic lymphocytes during infections in vivo
No full textEn réponse à une infection, un signal de danger, ou de cytokines inflammatoires, les cellules dendritiques subissent un programme de maturation augmentant leur capacité à activer les lymphocytes T CD4+ et CD8+. Au cours de ce travail nous avons cherché à caractériser la reprogrammation transcriptomique des DC lors de l'infection par le cytomégalovirus murin (MCMV). Nous avons identifié un programme commun de maturation entre les différentes sous-populations de DC spléniques. Nous avons mis en évidence qu'il existe un programme transcriptomique de maturation commun à toutes les sous-populations de DC, induit par tous les stimuli examinés et évolutivement conservé au sein des mammifères. Nous avons également identifié les interférons (IFN) de type I comme des cytokines majeures promouvant la maturation des DC in vivo. La perte spécifique par les DC de la capacité à répondre aux IFN de type I entraine une diminution de la survie des souris lors de l'infection par le MCMV, révélant pour la première fois l'importance des effets intrinsèques cellulaires des IFN de type I sur les DC pour la résistance à une infection virale.Le développement puis l'utilisation d'un nouveau modèle de souris mutante ciblant la sous-population de DC XCR1+ nous a permis de mettre mis en évidence pour la première fois un rôle de ces cellules pour l'activation des lymphocytes T CD8 mémoires (Tm CD8+) dans l'infection par Listeria monocytogenes, et d'identifier les mécanismes sous-jacents. Les DC XCR1+ interagissent in situ avec les Tm CD8+. La synthèse de la chimiokine CXCL9 et la production d'interleukine-12 par les DC XCR1+ attirent et activent de façon optimale les Tm CD8+ qui produisent de l'IFN-γ.Dendritic cells (DC) sense danger, microbial and cytokine signals that drive DC maturation which in turn allows proper activation of T lymphocytes. We characterized the gene expression program of splenic DC in vivo during murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. We identified a core set of genes commonly regulated in all subsets of mouse spleen DC. This set of genes was regulated upon DC maturation irrespective of the stimuli used and of the responding DC subsets and it was conserved between mouse and human. We identified type I interferon (IFN) as a major cytokine driving the expression of this core gene set in DC subsets. The loss of type I IFN responsiveness selectively in DC resulted in an increased mortality of mice after MCMV infection, unraveling a crucial role of cell-intrinsic responses to type I IFN in DC during a viral infection in vivo.We also developed and studied a new mouse model to target the XCR1+ DC subset in vivo. We found for the first time that XCR1+ DC promote recall of memory CD8 T cells upon secondary Listeria monocytogenes infection in vivo, and we identified the underlying mechanism. XCR1+ DC attract memory CD8 T cells through the secretion of the chemokine CXCL9. This attraction leads to an increase in the IFN-γ production by memory CD8 T cells. XCR1+ DC also induce the proliferation of memory CD8 T cells. This work significantly advanced our understanding of the in vivo functions of DC during infections
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Role of type 1 conventional dendritic cells in cancer immunosurveillance
No full textNous avons généré les souris Xcr1-DTA, Karma et Xcr1-hDTR pour éliminer les cellules dendritiques conventionnelles de type 1 (cDC1) de manière constitutive ou conditionnelle, et les souris Xcr1Cre et KarmaCre pour inactiver de manière sélective des gènes candidats dans ces cellules (Mattiuz et al., Front Immunol 2018). Nous avons utilisé ces modèles pour comprendre le rôle des cDC1 dans l'immunité naturelle contre le cancer. Nous avons utilisé un modèle d'adénocarcinome du sein (NOP23) spontanément rejeté après implantation orthotopique chez des souris femelles C57BL/6.Nous avons montré que les cDC1, les interférons, les lymphocytes T CD4+ conventionnels et CD8+, et plus tard les lymphocytes NK/NKT, sont cruciaux pour l'immunosurveillance du cancer du sein. Cependant, ni la réponse intrinsèque des cDC1 aux interférons de type I ni les molécules CXCL9, IL-12, IL-15 et XCR1 n'étaient nécessaires au rejet des tumeurs. Les voies de signalisation IFN-γ et STAT1 intrinsèques aux cDC1 jouent néanmoins un rôle déterminant dans l'immunosurveillance du cancer du sein. Nous avons établi que les cDC1 interagissent dans le stroma tumoral de manière simultanée avec les lymphocytes T CD8+ et CD4+ spécifiques de la tumeur. Ainsi, les cDC1 et les interférons façonnent la composition immunitaire tumorale et favorisent l’acquisition des phénotypes effecteurs des lymphocytes T CD4+ et CD8+, leur différentiation terminale et leurs fonctions. Conformément à nos résultats chez la souris, une forte expression intratumorale des gènes des cDC1, des CTLs, des T auxiliaires et de réponses aux interférons est associée à un bon pronostic chez les patientes atteintes d'un cancer du sein.We have generated and validated unique and specific mouse models to study the type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1), including the Xcr1-DTA, Karma and Xcr1-hDTR mice to eliminate cDC1 constitutively or conditionally, and the Xcr1Cre and KarmaCre mice to selectively inactivate candidate genes in these cells (Mattiuz et al., Frontiers in Immunology 2018). We took advantage of these different models to better understand the role of cDC1 in natural immunity to cancer. To do this, we used a model of breast adenocarcinoma (NOP23), which is spontaneously rejected after orthotopic implantation in syngeneic C57BL/6 female mice.We have shown that cDC1, interferons, conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and later NK/NKT cells are instrumental in breast cancer immunosurveillance. However, surprisingly, neither cDC1 cell-intrinsic response to type I interferons nor CXCL9, IL-12, IL-15 and XCR1 were necessary for tumor rejection. cDC1-intrinsic IFN-γ and STAT1 signaling pathways were nevertheless instrumental in breast cancer immunosurveillance. We have established that cDC1 interact with tumor-specific CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells together in the tumor stroma. Accordingly, cDC1 and interferons shape the tumor immune landscape and notably promote CD4+ and CD8+ T cell effector phenotypes, terminal differentiation and functions. In accordance with our experimental results in mice, high expression in the tumor microenvironment of genes specific to cDC1, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), helper T cells or interferon responses (ISGs) are associated with a better prognosis in human breast cancer patients
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