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Relating elastic and plastic fabric anisotropy of clays
No full textA relationship between elastic anisotropy, as typically observed in clayey soils subjected to shear wave propagation tests, and plastic anisotropy, detected at yielding and leading to rotated yield loci, is proposed. Such a relationship is expected because both elastic and plastic anisotropies can be ascribed to the same directional ingredients that characterise the fabric of the soil at the microscale. The relationship takes the form of an analytical relation between an elastic and a plastic fabric tensor, the former entering a hyperelasticity theory while the latter is the rotational hardening variable of a clay plasticity theory. The elastic anisotropy can be measured experimentally by wave propagation along orthogonal planes, identifying the ratio of the corresponding elastic shear moduli while a sample is compressed at fixed stress ratio, and paired with plastic anisotropy obtained by the integration of its plastic fabric tensor evolution equation during the foregoing compression. Such experiments were available and used to calibrate and validate the proposed elastic–plastic anisotropy relationship. The findings have a two-way beneficial effect for the solution of a geotechnical boundary value problem, where one can easily measure initial elastic clay anisotropy in the field, which can be used to initialise the plastic anisotropy for the subsequent analysis of the problem, while the evolving plastic anisotropy can be used to update the elastic fabric tensor during deformation
Evolving Elastic and Plastic Fabric Anisotropy in Granular Materials: Theoretical and Applied Implications
No full textIn this paper a relationship between elastic anisotropy, as typically
observed in clayey soils subjected to shear wave propagation tests, and plastic
anisotropy, detected at yielding and leading to rotated yield loci, is proposed.
Furthermore, elastic and plastic anisotropies exhibit an evolving character, as a
consequence of the evolution of the fabric of the material induced, for example,
by irreversible straining. First, the theoretical implications of the above evolving
character of fabric, which leads to a new form of anisotropic elasto-plastic
coupling, are investigated. Then, a strategy is proposed to take advantage of
such a coupling to more effectively initialise the internal variables of any nonisotropic
hardening plasticity model. This latter aspect is of crucial importance
when numerically analysing the response of a whole deposit of soil, as for each
sub-stratum it is mandatory to identify the initial orientation of the yield locus
Intrusive Stochastic Inelasticity
No full textThis study focuses on the development of a Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov equation-based theory of probabilistic elastoplasticity and its application to stochastic geomechanics boundary value problems. Part I contains a brief review of the most common uncertainty quantification methods relative to the problem under investigation as well as a review of the uncertainty characteristics of geomaterials, which is the medium of interest herein. In Part II, the theory of probabilistic elastoplasticity, first introduced by Jeremić et al.(2007), is modified after presenting the limitations associated with the original development. In addition, a new inelastic theory is proposed that is based on minimum entropy principles and deviates from classical plasticity theory formulations. A meshless numerical solution procedure for the solution of the underlying nonlinear Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov equation is also developed based on radial basis …Non-EPF
Fabric evolution within shear bands of granular materials and its relation to critical state theory
No full textIn an effort to study the relation of fabrics to the critical states of granular aggregates, the discrete element method (DEM) is used to investigate the evolution of fabrics of virtual granular materials consisting of 2D elongated particles. Specimens with a great variety of initial fabrics in terms of void ratios, preferred particle orientations, and intensities of fabric anisotropy were fabricated and tested with direct shear and biaxial compression tests. During loading of a typical specimen, deformation naturally localizes within shear bands while the remaining of the sample stops deforming. Thus, studying the evolution of fabric requires performing continuous local fabric measurements inside these bands, a suitable task for the proposed DEM methodology. It is found that a common ultimate/critical state is eventually reached by all specimens regardless of their initial states. The ultimate/critical state is characterized by a critical void ratio e which depends on the mean stress p, while the other critical state fabric variables related to particle orientations are largely independent of p. These findings confirm the uniqueness of the critical state line in the e- p space, and show that the critical state itself is necessarily anisotropic. Additional findings include the following: (1) shear bands are highly heterogeneous and critical states exist only in a statistical sense; (2) critical states can only be reached at very large local shear deformations, which are not always obtained by biaxial compression tests (both physical and numerical); (3) the fabric evolution processes are very complex and highly dependent on the initial fabrics. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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SANISAND: Simple anisotropic sand plasticity model
Full text linkSANISAND is the name used for a family of simple anisotropic sand constitutive models developed over the past few years within the framework of critical state soil mechanics and bounding surface plasticity. The existing SANISAND models use a narrow open cone-type yield surface with apex at the origin obeying rotational hardening, which implies that only changes of the stress ratio can cause plastic deformations, while constant stress-ratio loading induces only elastic response. In order to circumvent this limitation, the present member of the SANISAND family introduces a modified eight-curve equation as the analytical description of a narrow but closed cone-type yield surface that obeys rotational and isotropic hardening. This modification enables the prediction of plastic strains during any type of constant stress-ratio loading, a feature lacking from the previous SANISAND models, without losing their well-established predictive capability for all other loading conditions including the cyclic. In the process the plausible assumption is made that the plastic strain rate decomposes in two parts, one due to the change of stress ratio and a second due to loading under constant stress ratio, with isotropic hardening depending on the volumetric component of the latter part only. The model formulation is presented firstly in the triaxial stress space and subsequently its multiaxial generalization is developed following systematically the steps of the triaxial one. A detailed calibration procedure for the model constants is presented, while successful simulation of both drained and undrained behavior of sands under constant and variable stress-ratio loadings at various densities and confining pressures is obtained by the model
Finite elastic-plastic deformations: Beyond the plastic spin
No full textOne important aspect of finite elastic-plastic deformation constitutive theories is addressed in this work, namely the appropriate embedding of tensor-valued internal variables into the plastic deformation continuum description, which has been called physico-geometrical coupling reflecting the relation between geometry of deformation and the physical nature of an internal variable. In the past it was assumed hat such embedding was co-rotational with a material substructure, rotating independently from the continuum, which required the introduction of the concepts of constitutive and plastic spins for each internal variable. This assumption is now extended to cases where the embedding is convected with the plastic deformation, and it is possible to obtain a common formulation for both rotational and convected embeddings. Explicit expressions are obtained for the plastic multiplier (or loading index) from the consistency condition and the free energy function, making use of certain analytical properties of isotropic scalar and tensor valued functions of scalar and tensor-valued variables, such isotropy arising from the need to satisfy objectivity
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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