1,721,018 research outputs found
Détection, suivi et identification de la communauté microbienne du biofilm lors du démarrage de deux réacteurs intensifs de méthanisation traitant des effluents viticoles
No full textSCGCDIPLOMES; GR - 53 504; EPFL - SB - ISIC ; . Consultable sur demande à la Bibliothèque de l'EPFL / Offered in consultation at the EPFL library
Optimizing hydrolysis and acidogenesis in order to dissolve and recover phosphorus in organic effluents upstream from methane production
No full textLe phosphore est un élément crucial pour la vie sur Terre, de par son implication dans les processus bioénergétiques, le stockage et le traitement de l'information génétique. C'est également l'un des nutriments limitants en agriculture, aux côtés de l'azote et du potassium. Depuis la révolution verte au milieu du 20ième siècle, le monde agricole est dépendant des engrais phosphorés à bas coûts, fabriqués à partir d'une ressource fossile et nécessaires à l'amélioration des rendements des cultures à même de répondre aux besoins en nourriture d'une population en forte croissance. Cependant cette ressource, la roche phosphatée, s'épuise progressivement. De plus, son utilisation est très peu efficiente : moins de 20% du phosphore extrait se retrouve effectivement dans la nourriture consommée. L'une des raisons de cette faible efficience est la spécialisation de régions entières dans des productions agricoles spécifiques. Ainsi, les régions spécialisées dans les cultures à hauts rendements ont besoin de grandes quantités d'engrais minéraux alors que les régions d'élevage intensif ont des excédents de lisier sans terres agricoles suffisamment grandes et proches pour servir de zones d'épandage. L'épandage excessif de lisier en Bretagne est la cause première d'eutrophisation des cours d'eau. Le phosphore contenu dans le lisier porcin pourrait être recyclé sous forme de struvite (MgNH4PO4,6H2O), un engrais phosphaté à dissolution lente, très concentré et facilement transportable vers les régions de cultures végétales nécessitant une fertilisation phosphatée importante. Le phosphore du lisier porcin étant initialement présent sous une forme minérale solide, il est nécessaire de le dissoudre avant de le précipiter en struvite. Parce-que la dissolution par acidification chimique est trop chère et implique un mauvais bilan environnemental, le procédé développé lors de cette thèse utilise l'acidogénèse, un procédé biologique au cours duquel la matière organique est convertie en acides organiques en absence d'oxygène, acidifiant naturellement le lisier porcin. Différents déchets organiques ont été testés en tant que co-substrats dans du lisier porcin brut ou digéré, provoquant une fermentation de type lactique lorsque le co-substrat possédait une forte teneur en glucides facilement biodégradables, et une fermentation avec de nombreux acides organiques produits lorsque la teneur en glucides facilement biodégradables était faible. Il a pu être démontré que la fermentation lactique était le fait de bactéries appartenant au genre Lactobacillus, alors que divers Clostridiales dominaient lors des autres fermentations avec la production d'acétate, propionate, butyrate et valérate. Un réacteur en semi continu alimenté d'un mélange de lisier brut de petit pois et de carottes a permis la dissolution de 50% du phosphore total soit 750 mg-P/L. Après centrifugation, 3.4 g d'hydroxyde de magnésium par litre de surnageant a été ajouté afin d'élever le pH à 8 et ainsi précipiter la struvite. 99% du phosphore dissous a alors été abattu. Le solide obtenu contenait 70% de struvite, un léger excès de phosphore et de magnésium, ainsi que de la matière organique. L'acidogénèse permet l'hydrolyse de la matière organique complexe et la formation d'acides organiques. De ce fait, ce procédé de recyclage du phosphore contenu dans le lisier porcin pourrait être implémenté dans les nombreuses unités de méthanisation présentes en Bretagne et qui traitent des effluents animaux ainsi que des déchets organiques d'origine agricole, industrielle et municipale. La struvite obtenue pourrait être vendue dans les régions ayant besoin de fertilisation phosphatée alors que la matière organique du digestat pourrait être maintenue en Bretagne. Un tel procédé réduirait significativement l'eutrophisation due à l'épandage excessif du lisier tout en diminuant les besoins en fertilisants minéraux fossiles grâce à une source alternative aux performances fertilisantes équivalentes.Phosphorus is a crucial nutrient for life, implicated in cellular bioenergetics as well as storage and processing of genetic information. It is also one of the limiting nutrients in agriculture with nitrogen and potassium. Since the green revolution in the middle of the 20th century, agriculture has relied on increasing amounts of cheap mineral P-fertilizers produced from a fossil resource to improve crop yields and sustain population growth. However, the resource is depleting and its use efficiency is poor: less than 20% of extracted P is actually consumed in food. One of the reasons for this is the specialization of entire regions into on type of agricultural production or another. Thus, regions focusing on high yield crops require large applications of fossil mineral fertilizers while intensive livestock breeding areas cannot find an output for their P-rich manure due to the distance with crop fields in need of P fertilization. Over application of animal manure in Brittany is the main cause of eutrophication in the region. Phosphorus could be recovered from pig manure as struvite, a concentrated, slow-release mineral fertilizer easily transported to crop-oriented regions in need of P fertilization. P in pig slurry is mostly under a solid inorganic form, requiring dissolution prior to precipitation as struvite. Because chemical acidification is too expensive and harmful to the environment, the process developed in this PhD relied on acidogenesis, a biological process in which organic matter is converted to organic acids under anaerobic conditions, thus naturally acidifying the swine slurry. Various organic wastes were tested as organic co-substrates on raw and digested pig slurry, leading to lactic acid fermentation when the co-substrate had a high content in easily biodegradable carbohydrates and a fermentation with diverse organic acids produced at low content in easily biodegradable carbohydrates. Lactobacillus was the genus responsible for lactic acid fermentation and various Clostridiales dominated otherwise, producing acetate, propionate, butyrate and valerate. A reactor was operated with semi-continuous feeding of raw swine slurry and carrot/pea, leading to the dissolution of 50% total-phosphorus or 750 mg-P/L. After centrifugation, struvite was precipitated in the supernatant by adding magnesium hydroxide to increase the pH to 8. 99% of dissolved P precipitated. The solid recovered contained 70% of struvite, a slight excess of P and Mg as well as organic matter. Because hydrolysis of organic matter and production of organic acids occurs during acidogenesis, the process could be implemented in the many anaerobic digestion units installed in Brittany treating animal manure and agricultural, industrial and municipal organic waste. The struvite recovered could be sold to regions in need while the digestate impoverished in P and rich in organic matter could be kept locally. Such process would reduce eutrophication due to over application of pig manure and also reduce the reliance on fossil P fertilizer by offering an alternative source with equivalent fertilizing performances
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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