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    The brief history of laryngoscope: From lyric theater to operating theater | La breve storia del laringoscopio: dal teatro lirico al teatro operatorio

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    Tracheal intubation is one of the most widely used manoeuvres and laryngoscope is one of the most used devices in medicine. The first mentioned laryngoscopy is attributed to the Roman physician Aulus Cornelius Celsus. In the following centuries the contributions of Andreas van Wesel, known also with his Italian name Vesalio, of the English scientists Robert Hooke and Benjamin Guy Babington and the efforts of the German-Italian physician Philipp Bozzini and, particularly, of the Spanish singing teacher Manuel Patricio Rodríguez García were important. The ancestor of the laryngoscope used today was built by Alfred Kirstein, while the straight blades were designed by Robert Arden Miller and the curve blades by Robert Reynold Macintosh, respectively in 1941 in United States and in 1943 in United Kingdom. Only with Henry Harrington Janeway the laryngoscope lost its diagnostic function and became the essential device for tracheal intubation. Nowadays, the “digital revolution” of 21th century has brought newer technology to the science of tracheal intubation, and the GlideScope, a laryngoscope incorporating a video camera connected to a high resolution LCD monitor designed by the surgeon John Allen Pacey, is one of the most recent devices

    Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis

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    The present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed

    Variations on the Author

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    “Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship

    Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis

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    We provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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