1,721,033 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
La ville coloniale dans Les Écailles du ciel et Ville cruelle : Lieu de résonance entre fascination et répulsion
Full text linkRésumé
Notre contribution a pour but d’explorer la relation entre ville et littérature. Cette approche transdisciplinaire dans laquelle la géographie urbaine s’invite dans la fiction littéraire n’est pas nouvelle. Elle est même devenue un lieu commun. De la littérature de voyage à la fiction littéraire, en passant par la peinture, la musique, l’architecture et la sculpture, la ville affiche sa beauté ou sa laideur, sa fascination ou sa répulsion, dans un mouvement oscillatoire où elle revêt tantôt les attributs d’un sujet dynamique non-anthropomorphe, tantôt les caractéristiques d’un objet fugitif et insaisissable.
Le corpus retenu dans cet exercice analytique est Les Écailles du ciel et Ville cruelle. Ce choix se justifie du caractère complémentaire des caractéristiques de chacune des villes évoquées mais également de l’itinérance singulière de leurs héros. De la transmission mémorielle de l’exil urbain du héros de Monénembo à la quête existentielle du héros de Boto, la contrainte initiale et l’espoir de réalisation se présentent comme le fil d’Ariane grâce auquel les lieux tissent des liens avec des sujets dans un rapport relationnel aux résonances multiples et variées. En chevauchant avec ces héros, dans un processus lectoriel, on découvre une dichotomie spatiale hostile [1] qui situe le visiteur dans un interstice dont la seule alternative est la descente dans un espace aux allures de naufrage.
Mots-clés : Ville, littérature, quête, rencontre, résonance, sujet.
Abstract
Our contribution aims to explore the relationship between city and literature. The transdisciplinary approach in which urban geography invites itself into literary fiction is not new. It has even become commonplace. From travel literature to literary fiction, passing through painting, music, architecture and sculpture, the city displays its beauty or its ugliness, its fascination or its repulsion, in an oscillatory movement where it sometimes takes on the attributes of a dynamic non-anthropomorphic subject, sometimes the characteristics of a fugitive and elusive object.
The corpus chosen for this analytical challenge is The Scales of the Sky and Cruel City. This choice is justified by the complementary character of the characteristics of each of the cities mentioned but also by the singular roaming of their hero. From the memorial transmission of the urban exile of the hero of Monénembo to the existential quest of the hero of Boto, the initial constraint and the hope of realization seem the Ariane's thread thanks to which the places weave links with subjects in a relationship with multiple and varied resonances. By riding with these heroes, in a reading process, we discover a hostile spatial dichotomy [1] which places the visitor in an interstice whose only alternative is the descent in a space that looks like a shipwreck [2].
Keywords: City, literature, quest, encounter, resonance, subjec
Women's ponderal history in relation with birthweight and pregnancy outcomes
No full textContexte : La corpulence de la femme est fortement associée à la croissance foetale. C’est pourquoi l’augmentation du poids des femmes en France devrait s’accompagner d’une augmentation parallèle du poids de naissance. Des modèles animaux ont récemment suggéré qu’en dehors de l’IMC avant grossesse, les variations du poids maternel dans la période périconceptionnelle peuvent être des indicateurs de son statut nutritionnel pendant cette période et influencer la croissance foetale et le déroulement de la grossesse.Objectif : 1) Evaluer les évolutions de la corpulence des femmes et du poids de naissance. 2) Analyser le rôle de la nutrition périconceptionnelle maternelle sur la croissance foetale et le déroulement de la grossesse.Populations : Les données utilisées pour cette thèse sont celles des enquêtes ObEpi, des enquêtes nationales périnatales françaises et de l’étude EDEN. 1) Pour chaque année d’enquête ObEpi (1997, 2000, 2003, 2006), des données sur le poids et la taille ont été obtenues par des questionnaires envoyés à 20000 ménages représentatifs de la population nationale. 2) Les paires mère-enfant parmi les naissances uniques vivantes des enquêtes périnatales de 1972, 1981, 1995, 1998 et 2003 ont été sélectionnées (n=8664, 4494, 11445, 12006, 12692, respectivement). Lors des enquêtes périnatales, les mères ont répondu à des questionnaires quelques jours après l’accouchement et des données sur le nouveau-né et l’accouchement ont été obtenues à partir du dossier médical. 3) Dans l’étude EDEN qui a inclu 2002 femmes recrutées dans les centres de Nancy et de Poitiers, les poids des femmes à l’âge de 20 ans et juste avant la grossesse, l’anthropométrie du foetus aux 2nd et 3`eme trimestres, le poids de naissance et les complications de la grossesse ont été recueillis. Des mesures de poids des femmes au cours de la grossesse ont été disponibles et ont permis d’estimer le poids des femmes à chaque semaine de la grossesse avec un modèle mixte.Résultats : L’analyse d’un effet cohorte de naissance avec les données des enquêtes ObEpi a montré une accélération de l’augmentation de la prévalence de l’obésité pour les générations nées après les années 1960 en particulier chez les femmes. L’augmentation de l’IMC avant grossesse en France s’est accompagnée d’une augmentation du poids de naissance de 1972 à 1995, avec une tendance à la baisse du poids de naissance par la suite. Par ailleurs, nous avons mis en évidence qu’une perte de poids depuis l’âge de 20 ans chez les femmes qui avaient un IMC <25kg/m2 était associée à un risque augmenté d’avoir un bébé petit pour son âge gestationnel après ajustement sur l’IMC avant grossesse. Une prise de poids avant la grossesse était associée à des risques augmentés de diabète et d’hypertension gestationnels après ajustement sur l’IMC avant grossesse. La variation du poids de la femme au premier trimestre de la grossesse était spécifiquement associée à la croissance fœtale et à la corpulence du nouveau-né indépendamment des variations au 2nd et au 3ème trimestres.Conclusion : Les hommes et les femmes nés après les années 1960 ont été exposés à un environnement qui a augmenté leur susceptibilité à l’obésité tout au long de la vie. Par ailleurs, des recherches supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour comprendre les facteurs associés à la non augmentation du poids de naissance depuis les années 1995 malgré une augmentation du poids des femmes. Nos résultats font penser que les variations de poids pré-conceptionnelles pourraient être prises en compte dans l’évaluation du risque obstétrical.Birthweight is strongly and positively related to maternal preconceptional weight as well as with weight gain during pregnancy. Therefore, it would be expected that the increase in maternal weight before pregnancy, and weight gain during pregnancy, would be associated with an increase in birthweight in France. Animal models suggested that maternal weight changes in the periconceptional period can be considered as indicators of maternal energy balance and nutritional status, and may be involved in fetal growth and pregnancy outcomes.Obejective : 1) To evaluate time trends in maternal body size and birthweight. 2) To investigate the association of maternal weight changes in the periconceptional period with fetal growth and adverse pregnancy outcomes.Background : Birthweight is strongly and positively related to maternal preconceptional weight as well as with weight gain during preg Populations : Data were from ObEpi surveys ; French nationally representative perinatal surveys and the EDEN study. 1) For every ObEpi survey (1997, 2000, 2003 and 2006), data on weight and height were obtained for 20000 households representative of the French population.2) Mother-child pairs among singleton live births were included in the national perinatal surveys in 1972, 1981, 1995, 1998 and 2003 (n=8664, 4494, 11445, 12692 respectively). Mothers were interviewed a few days after delivery and data on delivery and the newborn were extracted from hospital records. 3) In the EDEN mother-child cohort, 1756 mother–child pairs had information on mother’s weight at 20 years, weight just before pregnancy, fetal anthropometry at second and third trimesters, infant’s birthweight and pregnancy complications. Also in the EDEN study 1744 women had prepregnancy weight available and at least 5 measures of weight in pregnancy. We extrapolated women’s weight at each week of gestation with a three-degrees polynomial model and estimated weight change during each trimester of gestation.Results : 1) Analyses based on data from ObEPI surveys showed that more recent cohorts (those born after the 1960’s) experienced an accelerated increase in the prevalence of obesity in relation to age during 1997-2006 particularly for women when compared with older birth cohorts. 2) Body mass index and weight gain during pregnancy increased between 1972 and 2003 ; paradoxically birth weight did not show a parallel increase. In fact, after adjusting for several potential confounders birthweight showed a decrease between 1995 and 2003.This corresponded with an increase in babies born small-for-gestational age (SGA) and a decrease in those born large-for-gestational age (LGA). 3) In women with BMI < 25 kg/m2, weight loss before pregnancy was associated with less fetal growth and increased risk of SGA.Factors including anemia and pathologies such as cancer were also considered but did not explain the findings. On the other hand, “large” weight gain between age 20 and pregnancy was associated with increased risk of gestational diabetes irrespective of overweight status of the woman. 4) Lastly, a significant association between the variation in maternal weightover the first trimester of pregnancy and fetal growth was noted even after accounting for the variation in weight over the last two trimesters. This association was independent of weight gain later in pregnancy and was partly explained by placental weight showing the importance of periconceptual nutritional status.Conclusion : Although the obesity epidemic became apparent in adults only in the 1990s in France, some of its origins can be found as early as the mid 1960s. The increasing trend in the prevalence of SGA in France, and in other countries such like the US, should prioritize research efforts towards a better understanding of the causes of this time trend. Our datasuggest that weight changes in periconceptional period could be taken into account when evaluating the obstetrical risk
Protective effect of anthocyanins on vascular endothelial function in physiological and physiopathological conditions : characterization of the mechanisms involved and role sugars conjugated with anthocyanins
No full textLes produits riches en anthocyanes sont de puissants stimulateurs de la formation endothéliale de monoxyde d’azote (NO). L'objectif de l'étude était d'investiguer les mécanismes d’accumulation intracellulaire des cyanidines via les transporteurs de glucose conduisant à la formation de NO et à la protection vasculaire. Nos résultats indiquent que le cyanidine-3-Oglucoside provoque une formation soutenue de NO par l’activation rédox-sensible de la NO synthase endothéliale (eNOS) laquelle persiste pendant plusieurs heures et permet de prévenir l’adhésion des plaquettes et les cellules THP-1 aux cellules endothéliales. L'activation de la eNOS nécessite l'accumulation intracellulaire de cyanidines conjuguées via le cotransporteur sodium-glucose 1 et dépend fortement de la nature du sucre. Dans l'ensemble, les résultats suggèrent que les cyanidines conjuguées à un sucre actif améliorent et/ou préservent la fonction endothéliale protectrice et, par conséquent, la santé cardiovasculaire.Anthocyanin-rich products are powerful stimulators of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) formation. The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of intracellular cyanidin accumulation via glucose transporters, leading to NO production and vascular protection. Our findings indicate that cyanidin-3-O-glucoside induces sustained NO formation through redox-sensitive activation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). This effect persists for several hours and prevents the adhesion of platelets and THP-1 cells to endothelial cells. eNOS activation requires intracellular accumulation of conjugated cyanidins via the sodium-glucose co-transporter 1 and is strongly influenced by the type of sugar. Overall, the results suggest that cyanidins conjugated with an active sugar enhance and/or preserve the protective endothelial function,thereby promoting cardiovascular health
Xala d’Ousmane Sembene : de la bimédialité et de la syllepse sémantique comme modalités descriptives d’une modernité problématique
No full textNous nous proposons, dans cette communication au titre ci-dessus indiqué, de réinvestir le concept de "Xala" tel qu’il est représenté dans l’œuvre de l’auteur sénégalais, Ousmane Sembene. La perspective analytique de cet exercice est la bimédialité en tant qu’elle permettra une double interrogation et du roman et de son adaptation cinématographique. En établissant des passerelles entre la page et l’écran, entre la dépiction et la description, l’analyse se choisit comme paradigme méthodologique l’établissement d’une symétrie entre la bimédialité et la syllepse de sens comme modalités de représentation d’une modernité problématique car oscillant entre une tentation progressiste et un ancrage archaïque. Compte tenu de l’ambivalence du concept de "Xala", le choix de la syllepse sémantique nous semble opératoire si l’on veut dépasser le prétexte de l’impuissance nuptiale qui est, in fine, un motif dans la matrice thématique de « la modernité africaine ».Si l’impuissance nuptiale est encore une réalité dans l’imaginaire du peuple fictif peint par l’auteur, elle n’en est pas moins symptomatique. En tout état de cause, à l’arrière plan de cette réalité, elle pourrait être également la métaphore d’une impuissance autre
Multiscale analysis of ultrasonic backscattered signals for biological tissues identification : 3D FDTD simulation and in-vitro tests
No full textOne of the goals of current research in medical ultrasound is to develop techniques to quantitatively differentiate between tissue types and tissue states on the basis of the changes in the backscattered signal caused by differences in the elastic properties of the tissues under study. In this dissertation, we proposed to classify white matter and gray matter of adult brain tissues. The first step in this investigation was to develop a linear dichotomizer for the classification of white matter and gray matter using a power spectrum eigenvector approach with Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). The LDA classifier is described in Chapter 4. The successful classification rates for pure white matter and pure gray matter tissues were 99% using the LDA. When the LDA was used in transition regions the successful classification rates for both type of tissues dropped to 56%. We concluded that the weakness with this classification scheme was that it did not exploit the information at different scales.In order to overcome this weakness, two multiscale classification methods were developed in Chapter 5, a power spectrum eigenvector approach with Wavelet transform-Linear Discriminant Analysis (WLDA) and a power spectrum eigenvector approach with Wavelet transform-Artificial Neural Network (WANN). Both methods were tested on calibrated media, also known as tissue mimicking phantoms, as well as on synthetically generated media. The data from synthetically generated media were obtained by a three Dimensional Finite Difference Time Domain method (3D FDTD). Both multiscale classification methods performed as well as the LDA method in classifying pure white matter and pure gray matter but they performed better than the LDA in transition regions. The successful classification rates in transition regions were 88% for white matter and 86% for gray matter using WLDA and 89% for white matter and 88% for gray matter using WANN
Lucumon e Mansa Waly: dois homens um destino
No full textLucumon deixou Tarquínia por Roma a fim de aceder ao poder real exatamenteno início do exílio de Mansa Waly Gabu, também entre os sererês, ondeo esperava um trono. Lucumon foi o primeiro rei de origem estrangeira areinar em Roma, onde instalou a dinastia etrusca no poder, assim como MansaWaly, também primeiro soberano estrangeiro, introduziu a realeza entre ossererês, onde reinou a dinastia dos Gelwaar.Tanto um como outro, pode se impor, cada um em seu meio, graças a umaestratégia sabiamente calculada. Além das boas relações com as populaçõeslocais, cada um dos dois reis havia conseguido organizar casamentos entresuas famílias e os autóctones, a fim de reforçar seu poder
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