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Prevenzione delle malattie croniche e promozione di stili di vita corretti. Ricerca-intervento su fumo e alimentazione in una scuola superiore di Roma
No full textPrevenzione delle malattie croniche e promozione di stili di vita corretti. Ricerca-intervento su fumo e alimentazione in una scuola media superiore di Roma
Dottorando: Dott. Di Filippo Francesco Tutor: Prof. Gianfranco Tarsitani
Le malattie croniche, o non trasmissibili, sono responsabili del più alto tasso di mortalità e morbosità all’interno dei Paesi europei, Italia compresa. Esse comprendono le malattie cardiovascolari, il cancro e il diabete. Le cause delle malattie croniche si possono ricondurre agli stili di vita non sani come, ad esempio, un’alimentazione scorretta e l’abitudine al fumo, considerate “cause delle cause” e alla base della nostra ricerca-intervento.
Riferimenti teorici. Il lavoro di tesi si rifà alle strategie della promozione della salute e al modello biopsicosociale, centrandosi su approcci teorici quali la teoria dell’apprendimento sociale e la salutogenesi.
Obiettivi. L’obiettivo generale è di coinvolgere gli studenti dell’ITC “Duca degli Abruzzi” di Roma al fine di promuovere stili di vita sani e creare una cultura della salute centrata sul rinforzo delle resistenze (resilienza) al fumo e sull’adozione di stili alimentari corretti. Gli obiettivi specifici della ricerca-intervento sono i seguenti:
• aumento di conoscenze sugli effetti del fumo e degli stili alimentari non sani sulla salute (fase di intervento);
• aumento di consapevolezza sul senso e il significato degli stili di vita legati al fumo e all’alimentazione scorretta (fase di intervento);
• avvio di un processo di cambiamento comportamentale verso stili di vita maggiormente sani (fase di intervento);
• monitoraggio dello stato di salute rispetto a sovrappeso/obesità e livello di CO (fase di ricerca);
• raccolta di informazioni sulle abitudini alimentari e sulla propensione al fumo degli studenti (fase di ricerca).
Metodologia e Strumenti. La metodologia dell’intervento è la peer education. Lo strumento principale è rappresentato dal focus group, volto a far discutere gli studenti sui temi oggetto dell’intervento, a raccogliere maggiori informazioni e ad avviare un processo di riflessione/cambiamento in termini di stili di vita. Gli strumenti della fase di ricerca sono rappresentati da due questionari su fumo e alimentazione, dal rilevamento di peso, altezza e IMC (Indicatore di Massa Corporea) e dall’utilizzo di una macchinetta per l’analisi del livello di CO.
Risultati. La tesi prevede due tipi di analisi dei dati: l’analisi quantitativa e l’analisi testuale. L’analisi dei dati quantitativi (ancora in fase di elaborazione) prevede una statistica descrittiva, che mostra le abitudini del campione di studenti sull’alimentazione e il fumo e i più interessanti incroci tra le variabili (cross tabulation). Fra queste, saranno riportati i rapporti tra stili di vita (ad esempio il fare o non fare la prima colazione o la sedentarietà) e l’IMC che mostrano evidenze interessanti e in linea con quanto riportato dalla letteratura scientifica sul tema. L’analisi testuale, basata su testi scritti dagli studenti e sviluppata attraverso il software T-Lab, concerne la valutazione dei focus group, al fine di raccogliere informazioni “implicite” collegate con l’immaginario degli studenti e su come questi rappresentano la relazione col cibo e con la sigaretta
Beyond General Relativity: Modified Theories and Non-Singular Black Holes
Full text linkEinstein's general relativity is an extremely elegant and successful theory. Recent observations coming from the LIGO/VIRGO collaboration as well as from the Event Horizon Telescope give us the possibility to perform precision test of general relativity in regimes never tested before. Even though all the current observations are in perfect agreement with the predictions of general relativity, there are several reasons to study extensions of the theory.
From the experimental point of view, we are forced to include a dark sector for the matter and energy content of the universe to explain the cosmological data. Whereas from a conceptual point of view, the theory is not perturbatively renormalizable, and it predicts the formation of spacetime singularities.
This thesis studies possible modifications of general relativity both considering specific theories of modified gravity and implementing a model-independent approach.
In the first part of the thesis, we study a specific class of modified theory of gravity which has the peculiarity of propagating the same number of degrees of freedom of general relativity. The existence of these theories apparently challenges the distinctive role of general relativity as the unique non-linear theory of massless spin-2 particles. However, we provide strong evidence that these theories are actually equivalent to general relativity in vacuum.
In the second part of the thesis, we focus on the problem of black hole singularities which are unavoidably present in general relativity. However, it is reasonable to assume that there will be a mechanism preventing their formation in a full theory of quantum gravity. Without specifying any theory of quantum gravity or the nature of such mechanism, simply assuming a minimal set of kinematical constraints, we classify and study the properties of non-singular spacetime with a trapping horizon. Contrary to what one might expect, the set of regular geometries that arises is remarkably limited. Furthermore, we show that it is very difficult to construct a self-consistent geometry without any long range effect. This gives us further motivation to study the phenomenology of non-singular black holes. To this end, we provide a set of parameters describing the deviations from classical black holes, and we review the possible observational channels that can measure or constrain them
Phenomenological aspects of black holes beyond general relativity
Full text linkWhile singularities are inevitable in the classical theory of general relativity, it is commonly believed that they will not be present when quantum gravity effects are taken into account in a consistent framework. In particular, the structure of black holes should be modified in frameworks beyond general relativity that aim at regularizing singularities. Being agnostic on the nature of such theory, in this paper we classify the possible alternatives to classical black holes and provide a minimal set of phenomenological parameters that describe their characteristic features. The introduction of these parameters allows us to study, in a largely model-independent manner and taking into account all the relevant physics, the phenomenology associated with these quantum-modified black holes. We perform an extensive analysis of different observational channels and obtain the most accurate characterization of the viable constraints that can be placed using current data. Aside from facilitating a critical revision of previous work, this analysis also allows us to highlight how different channels are capable of probing certain features but are oblivious to others, and pinpoint the theoretical aspects that should be addressed in order to strengthen these tests
Causal hierarchy in modified gravity
Full text linkWe investigate the causal hierarchy in various modified theories of gravity. In general relativity the standard causal hierarchy, (key elements of which are chronology, causality, strong causality, stable causality, and global hyperbolicity), is well-established. In modified theories of gravity there is typically considerable extra structure, (such as: multiple metrics, aether fields, modified dispersion relations, Hořava-like gravity, parabolic propagation, etcetera), requiring a reassessment and rephrasing of the usual causal hierarchy. We shall show that in this extended framework suitable causal hierarchies can indeed be established, and discuss the implications for the interplay between “superluminal” propagation and causality. The key distinguishing feature is whether the signal velocity is finite or infinite. Preserving even minimal notions of causality in the presence of infinite signal velocity requires the aether field to be both unique and hypersurface orthogonal, leading us to introduce the notion of global parabolicity
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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