1,720,998 research outputs found
Overview and Update on Extracellular Vesicles: Considerations on Exosomes and Their Application in Modern Medicine
Full text linkSIMPLE SUMMARY: Exosomes are a subpopulation of extracellular vesicles, nanosized particles, lipid bilayer-enclosed, naturally secreted from cells after the fusion of intracellular Multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. Their components are proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and metabolites by which they can act as mediators of cell-to-cell communication. They play a key role in regulating pathophysiological processes, such as immune response, neuronal communication, cancer biogenesis, and regulation. Therefore, they have been largely exploited for their potential therapeutic and diagnostic application. Due to their endogeneity, exosomes present superior biocompatibility and stability in comparison to synthetic carriers, and then they can be used as delivery vehicles. Herein, reviewing recent studies, information on exosome biogenesis, structural characteristics, isolation, and detection current methods is summarized. Further, the obstacles to overcome in the application of exosomes as delivery systems are also considered. ABSTRACT: In recent years, there has been a rapid growth in the knowledge of cell-secreted extracellular vesicle functions. They are membrane enclosed and loaded with proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and other biomolecules. After being released into the extracellular environment, some of these vesicles are delivered to recipient cells; consequently, the target cell may undergo physiological or pathological changes. Thus, extracellular vesicles as biological nano-carriers, have a pivotal role in facilitating long-distance intercellular communication. Understanding the mechanisms that mediate this communication process is important not only for basic science but also in medicine. Indeed, extracellular vesicles are currently seen with immense interest in nanomedicine and precision medicine for their potential use in diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic applications. This paper aims to summarize the latest advances in the study of the smallest subtype among extracellular vesicles, the exosomes. The article is divided into several sections, focusing on exosomes’ nature, characteristics, and commonly used strategies and methodologies for their separation, characterization, and visualization. By searching an extended portion of the relevant literature, this work aims to give a quick outline of advances in exosomes’ extensive nanomedical applications. Moreover, considerations that require further investigations before translating them to clinical applications are summarized
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Migration of brain capillary endothelial cells inside poly (lactic acid) 3D scaffolds
No full textThe brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) form the blood brain barrier (BBB) under the effects of the brain
microenvironment. BCECs are sealed together by tight junctions (TJs) that are responsible for the barrier phenotype. In
these junctions, molecules such as JAM (junctional adhesion molecules), occludin and claudins are present. Threedimensional
scaffolds are used to grow cells in order to obtain in vitro engineered tissues. On the base of these
considerations, the aim of this work was to understand whether the endothelial cells were able to grow and survive on a
new three-dimensional structure. If yes, indeed, this system could be further enriched and used to set a three-dimensional
in vitro model of BBB containing also neurons and astrocytes. The starting work has been focusing on BCEC growth on
poly-L-lactate (PLLA) 3D scaffold. BCECs were seeded (50,000 cells/scaffold) on scaffolds prepared at 0°C and precoated
with Collagen IV. TJ distribution was analyzed by immunofluorescence with zonula occludens 1 (ZO1) antibodies
and the number of alive cells was evaluated by staining cells with acridine orange (AO)/Ethidium bromide (Etbr).
Moreover, scaffolds were fixed, sectioned and observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Our data
demonstrate that BCECs adapt well to this kind of scaffolds and are also able to migrate inside the pores present in them
GENETICA GENERALE
No full textGenetica formale
Metodo e prove sperimentali di Mendel
Caratteri singoli e segregazione, Caratteri e assortimento indipendente, Esperienze mendeliane "ieri ed oggi", I Leggi di Mendel, I Caratteri
mendeliani e reincrocio
IGenetica "oltre" Mendel
Dominanza incompleta
Codominanza
Significato e valore della dominanza e della recessività
Alleila multipla
Pleiotropia
Interazione tra geni
Alleli letali
Linkage: esperienze di Morgan e associazione genica
Associazione completa e associazione
incompleta
Basi biologiche della ricombinazione
Complesso sinaptonemale, rotture a doppio filamento e crossing over
Mappe fisiche e mappe genetiche
Ambiente e geni
L'ambiente e l'espressione dei geni: penetranza ed espressività
Poligenia ed ereditarietà quantitativa
Sesso e geni
Determinazione del sesso nelle specie animali
Cromosomi sessuali, X e
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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