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Socio-spatial dynamics of Bamako’s city and surroundings
No full textLes capitales Africaines font face à une croissance urbaine grandissante qui s’accompagne de multiples défis. Ces villes sont de plus en plus perçues par les ruraux comme la destination idéale pour échapper à la précarité du milieu rural. Cette vision des centres urbains contribue à l’amplification de l’exode rural dans ces régions, où la macrocéphalie reste une réalité. À l’instar de beaucoup de pays de l’Afrique subsaharienne, il existe un déséquilibre de la hiérarchie urbaine au Mali. Bamako la capitale Malienne représente 55,3 % de la population urbaine du pays (INSTAT, 2009). Les villes secondaires du pays sont moins dynamiques et attirent de moins en moins les ruraux compte tenu de leurs niveaux de développement. La centralisation de tous les grands équipements et sièges d’institutions importants du pays à Bamako fait qu’elle est la destination favorite des ruraux.L’urbanisation accrue de la ville se traduit spatialement par un étalement croissant. En vingt-huit ans, la tache urbaine de la ville de Bamako a augmenté de 7290 ha. Elle est passée de 17 % et 1986 à 32 % en 2014. Durant cette période, il y a eu beaucoup d’aménagements dans le District de Bamako. Mais elle a été marquée davantage par le développement remarquable de la rive droite qui accueille de nos jours la majorité de la population bamakoise. Le rythme soutenu de cette croissance a conduit à l’épuisement des réserves foncières de la ville. Depuis une dizaine d’années, les réserves foncières des communes environnantes sont mobilisées pour résoudre les besoins fonciers de Bamako. À cela s’ajoute la réorientation des citadins en quête de propriété vers ces communes environnantes, agrandissant la pression foncière dans ces localités.L’épuisement de la réserve foncière de Bamako se traduit par une rurbanisation des communes environnantes. À partir de l’analyse de la dynamique spatiale de Baguinéda, Sanankoroba, Siby et Dio-gare, il s’est avéré que la plupart des communes environnantes de Bamako étaient quasiment des villages bien avant l’an 2000. L’année 2000 a été marquée par un démarrage de la croissance urbaine de ces localités. Entre 1999 et 2006, la tache urbaine des communes environnantes a évolué en moyenne de 17 %. Ce rythme de croissance de 17 % en sept ans est assez soutenu, et reflète l’influence de Bamako sur ces localités, sachant que les dernières réserves importantes de Bamako ont été consommées entre 1998 et 2000. Entre 2006 et 2014, la tache urbaine de ces localités a évolué en moyenne de 74 %. Ce rythme de croissance des localités environnantes de Bamako est assez alarmant. D’où la nécessité de prendre des dispositions pour stopper l’étalement spatial de ces communes. L’une des solutions reste la migration vers la construction à hauteur. Dans l’agglomération Bamakoise, 51 % des ménages sont favorables à l’instauration de la construction verticale (6.6.2.1 La préférence des logements à étage pour les ménages). Cette forme de construction est perçue comme une opportunité d’accéder à la propriété du logement.Les défis auxquels la capitale malienne fait face sont nombreux. Parmi les défis majeurs, il y a l’accès à un logement décent, aux équipements et services urbains au sein de la ville. Les programmes urbains en cours ne favorisent pas l’accès à la propriété du logement pour le plus grand nombre. Cette situation a débouché à la mise en place d’une stratégie d’adaptation par des ménages. Cette stratégie passe par une série d’épargne (achat d’une parcelle, construction et déménagement) pour accéder à la propriété du logement. Le paradoxe de cette stratégie est qu’elle n’est pas maîtrisée et favorise aussi la spéculation foncière au sein de l’agglomération. Les ménages en quête de propriété s’installent parfois dans des zones à risque (lit de cours d’eau, flanc de colline, etc.) sans aucune desserte par les réseaux.The fast growing African capital cities are facing several challenges. Perceived by rural people as a way to escape from their precarious livelihood, the capital cities remain the key destination for migrants coming from rural areas. This rural migration to capital cities is leading to disproportionate growth of these cities compare to other urban areas. Like other sub-Saharan countries, Mali is no exception to this phenomenon. Bamako the capital city of Mali is reported to accommodate 55.3% of the urban population of the country (INSTAT, 2009) whereas the underdeveloped secondary cities are less attractive to rural migrants. The aggregation of the bulk of equipment and national institutions of the country is one of the explanation to the phenomenon.The urbanisation process is then characterised by the continuing spatial spread-out of these cities. Over twenty eight years, the urban stain of Bamako has recorded an increase of 7290 ha including 17% growth in 1986 and 32% in 2014. Although several infrastructures have been developed over that period, the spatial enlargement was characterised by an outstanding expansion of the right-hand bank (of the River Niger) that hosts nowadays the bulk of Bamako population. Since a decade, the land reserves of neighbouring constituencies are officially used to fulfil the land needs of Bamako. This situation is compounded by the pursuit by urban population of land ownership, thus exacerbating the pressure on land resources of these constituencies.The depletion of the land reserves of Bamako is having an influence on the urbanisation of neighbouring constituencies. An analysis of the spatial dynamic of 4 nearest constituencies to Bamako viz. Baguineda, Sanankoroba, Siby and Dio-Gare shows that these areas were no more than villages before they start urbanising in 2000. From 1999 to 2006 the urban stains of these constituencies have recorded an average growth of 17%. The growth rate of 17% over seven years was quite sustained to reflect the way Bamako was encroaching on these constituencies. It is worth noting that the last important land reserves of Bamako were used between 1998 and 2000. This alarming spatial growth rate of the neighbouring constituencies begs for immediate measures. One of the solutions remains the shift towards the construction of high buildings. In Bamako cities, 51% of the households proved favourable to vertical buildings perceived as an opportunity to facilitate housing ownership.Indeed, the Malian capital city is facing several challenges including the access to appropriate housing, equipment, and urban services. The ongoing urbanisation programmes failed to fulfil the expectations of the great majority of households which ended up by finding their own adaptation strategy. The strategy consists of striving to save money in the view to acquire plots of land for housing. However the paradox of this situation is that it grows out of control to create conditions for high competition and dishonest businesses around land. Risk prone areas such as river beds, hill edges are more often invaded by household sin quest of ownership to housing though they have no access to urban services
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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