1,720,959 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Concurrent changes in shortening reaction latency and reaction time of forearm muscles in post-stroke patients.
No full textThe objective was to confirm the hypothesis that
shortening reaction (ShoRe), normally occurring on
forcibly shortening a muscle, is depressed or delayed in
post-stroke patients. Eight post-stroke patients and ten agematched
normal subjects had a 50° wrist extension or flexion
induced by a torque-motor in the affected and the nonaffected
upper limb. Patients were instructed either not to
intervene or to assist displacement (reaction-time condition,
RT). Frequency of occurrence and latency of stretch
reflex (SR) and ShoRe, and RTs were measured from the
electromyograms (EMG) of wrist flexor (FCR) and extensor
(ECR) muscles. SR had higher than normal frequency
in both muscles. ShoRe disappeared in ECR on the affected
side but had normal frequency in FCR of both sides.
ShoRe latency was prolonged in FCR and ECR, in both
affected and unaffected sides. RTs were prolonged in both
FCR and ECR, in both affected and unaffected sides.
Across all patients, RTs and ShoRe latencies in the FCR
were correlated. Neither RTs nor ShoRe latencies were correlated
to Ashworth score. RTs were inversely correlated to
Medical Research Council scores. The decreased and
delayed ShoRe in post-stroke patients supports a role for
the cortico-spinal pathway in its production or modulation.
Monitoring of ShoRe can give insight into the recovery of
the descending control of spinal reflexes
The shortening reaction of forearm muscles: the influence of central set.
No full textObjective: The EMG of the forearm muscles shortened by an imposed wrist joint displacement has been studied at different levels and distribution of background muscle activity and with different instructions to the subjects, in order to test the hypothesis that the recorded
EMG response (shortening reaction, ShoRe) could be deliberate in origin.
Methods: Ten normal subjects were examined. A torque motor induced 508 wrist extension or ̄exion at 5008/s. The subjects were relaxed or exerted a 10% maximal voluntary contraction. They were instructed either not to intervene, or to oppose the displacement, or else to assist
it. Several trials were repeated at different initial angles.
Results: We found a short-latency re ̄ex (SR) in the stretched muscle, be it ̄exor or extensor, and a later inconstant ShoRe in the antagonist. ShoRe latency was compatible with that of a reaction time (RT), and was not in ̄uenced by the initial wrist angle. When subjects
assisted the movement, the EMG burst in the shortening muscle was in every respect a RT; when they opposed the movement, the ShoRe disappeared. There was a strict temporal relationship between SR duration and ShoRe latency.
Conclusions:We suggest that the brain would deliberately trigger the ShoRe on recognizing the displacement direction. The occurrence of such activity in the shortened muscle makes the SR to abruptly stop. The temporal relationship between the duration of the SR and onset of
the ShoRe can be an expression of the inhibition on the SR burst by the cortical drive to the antagonist muscle being shortened, possibly through the action of spinal inhibitory interneurones. The ShoRe would complete the movement momentarily braked by the SR and redistribute the muscle tone across antagonists, appropriate for the new muscle length
Botulinum toxin in post-stroke patients: stiffness modifications and clinical implications.
No full textTo objectively quantify stiffness and clinical changes in the upper limb of poststroke patients following botulinum toxin (BT) injection.
Eighteen consecutive chronic post-stroke spastic patients were injected Botulinum toxin A in the forearm flexor spastic muscles. Spasticity was clinically evaluated with the Ashworth scale. Stiffness was measured with indices (passive stiffness index (ISI) and total stiffness index (TSI) obtained by mechanical wrist displacements induced by a torque motor,which could also provide the stretch reflex threshold speed (SRTS) from flexor muscles. Functional status was measured with the Barthel index and a specific hand ability scale, pain with a visual analogue scale (VAS). The ranges of voluntary wrist extension (EROM) and flexion (FROM) and wrist isometric extension and flexion (IE-IF) strength were also calculated.
IE and EROM significantly increased, being respectively p < 0.01 and p < 0.05; also SRTS was augmented (p < 0.001),while TSI showed lower values (p < 0.001); the Ashworth score decreased at least one point. Hand function for selected tasks improved in 50% of patients, the Barthel index only in 4 (22 %), forearm pain was completely relieved in 3 patients (17 %).
BT can be considered a valid therapeutic tool in all spastic patients, because of immediate advantages: reduction of muscle hypertonia, pain relief, improvement in selected motor performances
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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