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    Paternal origin of the X chromosome in a 63,X Italian Trotter mare

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    In this work, we report information about a new case of a 63,X chromosome constitution in a mare and we established, for the first time in this specie, the parental origin of the only X chromosome present.The cytogenetic analysis of 100 metaphases, using both Giemsa staining, CBG banding and FISH technique, shown a 2n=63,X condition with no sign of mosaicism, while paternal origin of the only X chromosome present was ascertained analysing two high informative microsatellites: LEX024 and LEX003

    Reaction kinetics and simulations of ring-opening polymerization for the synthesis of polybutylene terephthalate

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    Cyclic polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) was polymerized with 2-ethylhexanoic acid tin(II) salt activated by 1-dodecanol in order to study the reaction mechanisms dominant in ring-opening polymerization (ROP) for polyester synthesis. Initiator-to-monomer content and temperatures were varied from 0.05% to 0.5% and 190 °C to 250 °C, respectively. The living-like character of ROP was confirmed by the characteristic effect of initiator content on cyclic oligomer conversion, along with the linear dependence of the number-average molecular weight upon conversion. The molecular weight distribution is mainly a function of the interplay between chain transfer and transesterification reactions. Since the PBT macrocycles appear in different sizes from 2 to 7 repeat units, each carbonyl group theoretically contributes to ring reactivity, where in this system both size-dependent and size-independent approaches to simulate propagation deliver appreciable results. The corresponding rate constants have been determined and, in contrast to other polymer systems, the proximity of these values to those of chain transfer and transesterification is significant

    Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis

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    The present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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