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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Macro- and microtaxonomic study of Mediterranean bath sponges with morphometric and molecular approaches
No full textThe endemic Mediterranean bath sponges constitute a valuable natural resource and their centuries-long fishery has created an important cultural heritage. However, their populations have dramatically declined during the last decades, due to the combined effect of uncontrolled harvesting and a series of epidemics. While their harvesting is still exercised in the Eastern Mediterranean, their biology and ecology are surprisingly understudied and practically no management plan has been implemented to safeguard their sustainability. Additionally, the relevant literature reveals a controversial taxonomic status for the main species which, although first described more than two centuries ago, are still currently subject to taxonomic debate. The present study attempts to resolve systematic issues regarding the main Mediterranean bath sponge species, Spongia officinalis (including its two acknowledged morphotypes, “adriatica” and “mollissima”) and Hippospongia communis, and estimate their genetic and morphologic variation at different geographic distance scales along their distribution. For this purpose, a collection of approximately 700 samples was employed, originating from 11 locations in the Eastern Mediterranean (Aegean Sea), Western Mediterranean (Provence coast) and the Strait of Gibraltar. The first part of the study regards the examination of a set of 25 morphologic characters, external and skeletal, and the correlation of their variation to taxonomic and biogeographic traits. The results show a significant diversity of most characters both at the population and the individual level, highlighting the morphologic plasticity of the species. On the contrary, no clear distinction between the two morphotypes of S. officinalis was evident, while the genera Spongia and Hippospongia could only be distinguished with characters related to the structure of the aquiferous system. The second part attempts the investigation of the phylogenetic affinities between species, using the standard barcoding mitochondrial DNA marker COI. This analysis revealed a lack of genetic diversity at the phylogenetic level, both between the genera Spongia and Hippospongia, and between the two morphotypes of S. officinalis; it also uncovered the existence of a cryptic Spongia species, presumably distributed at the vicinity of Gibraltar, which requires further surveys before considered valid. The third part comprises the development of a set of polymorphic microsatellite markers for the studied species and their application for the estimation of gene flow following geographic patterns. This analysis revealed a moderate population structure for the studied species within both studied Mediterranean regions; on the other hand, restriction to gene flow was evidenced between the Aegean Sea and Provence giving two well-defined regional clusters and suggesting the existence of a biogeographic break between the two systems. Additionally, high genetic diversity was manifested within populations, contrastingly to expectations due to pressure from harvesting and the influence of devastating epidemics. The implemented study is the first to investigate the geographical and phylogenetic variation of Mediterranean bath sponges integrating morphometric and molecular approaches. Such data will be valuable in identifying actual stocks of these harvested organisms and revealing patterns regarding their geographical structure and population connectivity; these are critical requirements to establish comprehensive management strategies and actions towards their protection and sustainability in the future.Οι Μεσογειακοί σπόγγοι μπάνιου αποτελούν ένα βιολογικό πόρο υψηλής οικονομικής αξίας και η αλιεία τους, με ιστορία αιώνων, έχει δημιουργήσει μια αξιοσημείωτη πολιτισμική κληρονομιά. Εντούτοις, τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες, οι πληθυσμοί των σπόγγων αυτών έχουν μειωθεί δραματικά λόγω της συνδυαστικής δράσης της αλιευτικής πίεσης και μιας σειράς επιδημικών φαινομένων. Παρόλο που η αλιεία τους ασκείται ακόμα στην Ανατολική Μεσόγειο, η βιολογία και η οικολογία τους έχουν μελετηθεί ελάχιστα, ενώ δεν υπάρχει σε εφαρμογή διαχειριστικό πλαίσιο που να διαφυλάσσει την αειφορία τους. Επιπρόσθετα, η μελέτη της σχετικής βιβλιογραφίας αποκαλύπτει μια αμφιλεγόμενη ταξινομία για τα κύρια είδη τα οποία, παρόλο που περιγράφηκαν για πρώτη φορά πάνω από δύο αιώνες πριν, υπόκεινται ακόμα και σήμερα σε αναθεωρήσεις. Η παρούσα έρευνα επιχειρεί να διασαφηνίσει τις ταξινομικές αβεβαιότητες στα κύρια Μεσογειακά είδη σπόγγων μπάνιου, το Spongia officinalis (και τους δύο μορφότυπους που σχετίζονται μ’ αυτό: “adriatica” και “mollissima”) και το Hippospongia communis, και να εκτιμήσει τη γενετική και μορφολογική τους ποικιλότητα σε διαφορετικές γεωγραφικές κλίμακες κατά μήκος της εξάπλωσής τους. Για το σκοπό αυτό, αναλύθηκε μια συλλογή 700 περίπου δειγμάτων από 11 τοποθεσίες στην Ανατολική Μεσόγειο (Αιγαίο), τη Δυτική Μεσόγειο (ακτές Νότιας Γαλλίας) και το Γιβραλτάρ. Σε πρώτο επίπεδο εξετάστηκε ένα σύνολο 25 μορφολογικών χαρακτήρων, εξωτερικών και σκελετικών, και επιχειρήθηκε ο συσχετισμός της ποικιλομορφίας τους με την ταξινομία και τη βιογεωγραφία των ειδών. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν μια σημαντική διαφοροποίηση των περισσότερων γνωρισμάτων σε πληθυσμιακό και ατομικό επίπεδο, καταδεικνύοντας τη μορφολογική πλαστικότητα που χαρακτηρίζει τα είδη. Αντιθέτως, ο διαχωρισμός των δύο μορφότυπων του S. officinalis δεν ήταν ξεκάθαρος, ενώ η διάκριση μεταξύ των γενών Spongia και Hippospongia ήταν εφικτή μόνο με τους χαρακτήρες που σχετίζονταν με τη δομή του υδροκυκλοφορικού συστήματος. Το δεύτερο μέρος της μελέτης αφορά τη διερεύνηση των φυλογενετικών σχέσεων ανάμεσα στα είδη με χρήση του μιτοχονδριακού γενετικού δείκτη COI. Από τις αναλύσεις διαφάνηκε η απουσία γενετικής διαφοροποίησης τόσο μεταξύ των γενών Spongia και Hippospongia όσο και μεταξύ των μορφότυπων του S. officinalis στο φυλογενετικό επίπεδο. Επίσης αποκάλυψε την ύπαρξη ενός κρυπτικού είδους Spongia, στην περιοχή του Γιβραλτάρ, το οποίο απαιτεί περαιτέρω διερεύνηση. Το τρίτο μέρος περιλαμβάνει την ανάπτυξη πολυμορφικών μικροδορυφορικών δεικτών για τα είδη που εξετάστηκαν και την εφαρμογή τους για την εκτίμηση της γονιδιακής ροής μεταξύ των πληθυσμών. Οι αναλύσεις έδειξαν μια μέτρια πληθυσμιακή συγκρότηση εντός των περιοχών του Αιγαίου και της Νότιας Γαλλίας• παράλληλα όμως διαφάνηκε ένας ισχυρός περιορισμός στη γονιδιακή ροή ανάμεσα στις δύο αυτές περιοχές, υποδεικνύοντας την ύπαρξη ενός βιογεωγραφικού φραγμού μεταξύ των δύο συστημάτων. Επιπρόσθετα, υψηλός βαθμός γενετικής ποικιλότητας καταγράφηκε εντός των πληθυσμών, αντίθετα με το αναμενόμενο λαμβάνοντας υπόψη την αλιευτική πίεση και την επίδραση των επιδημικών φαινομένων. Η παρούσα μελέτη επιχειρεί για πρώτη φορά τη διερεύνηση της γεωγραφικής και φυλογενετικής ποικιλότητας των Μεσογειακών σπόγγων συνδυάζοντας μορφομετρικά και μοριακά δεδομένα. Τα αποτελέσματα μπορούν να χρησιμεύσουν στην οριοθέτηση των αποθεμάτων των αλιευόμενων αυτών οργανισμών και τον προσδιορισμό των χαρακτηριστικών της γεωγραφικής συγκρότησης των πληθυσμών τους. Τα παραπάνω αποτελούν κρίσιμες παραμέτρους για το σχεδιασμό και την υλοποίηση αποτελεσματικών διαχειριστικών στρατηγικών και δράσεων για την προστασία και την αειφορία των οργανισμών αυτών
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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