275 research outputs found
Le triomphe de l’injustice. Richesse, évasion fiscale et démocratie: Emmanuel Saez y Gabriel Zucman, Le triomphe de l’injustice. Richesse, évasion fiscale et démocratie (2020), Editorial Seuil, Francia ISBN 978-2021412123
No full textEmmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman have just published their book Le triomphe de l’injustice. Richesse, évasion fiscale et démocratie at the Seuil publishing house, whose collection Les livres du nouveau monde is directed by Pierre Rosanvallon. It should be remembered that the former is a professor of economics at the University of California at Berkeley and director of the Center for Equitable Growth. Winner in 2009 of the John Bates Clark Medal - the highest American distinction in economics - he is the author of countless articles in internationally renowned magazines and works such as World Inequality Report 2018, written together with Facundo Alvaredo, Lucas Chancel, Thomas Piketty and Gabriel Zucaman (2018), and Pour une révolution fiscale: un impôt sur le revenu pour le XXIème siècle (2011), written with Camille Landais and Thomas Piketty. The second, for his part, is a professor of economics at the same university and the author of the work La richesse cachée des nations. Enquête sur les paradis fiscaux (2017) which has been translated into 17 languages.Emmanuel Saez y Gabriel Zucman acaban de publicar su libro titulado Le triomphe de l’injustice. Richesse, évasion fiscale et démocratie en la editorial Seuil, cuya colección Les livres du nouveau monde está dirigida por Pierre Rosanvallon. Conviene recordar que el primero es catedrático de economía en la Universidad de California en Berkeley y director del centro para el crecimiento equitativo —Center for Equitable Growth, en inglés—. Ganador en 2009 de la medalla John Bates Clark —la más alta distinción norteamericana en economía—, es autor de innumerables artículos en revistas de prestigio internacional y de obras tales como World Inequality Report 2018, escrito junto con Facundo Alvaredo, Lucas Chancel, Thomas Piketty y Gabriel Zucaman (2018), y Pour une révolution fiscale: un impôt sur le revenu pour le XXIème siècle (2011), redactado con Camille Landais y Thomas Piketty. El segundo, de su parte, es catedrático de economía en la misma universidad y autor de la obra La richesse cachée des nations. Enquête sur les paradis fiscaux (2017) que ha sido traducida en 17 lenguas
A High Frequency of HIV-Specific Circulating Follicular Helper T Cells Is Associated with Preserved Memory B Cell Responses in HIV Controllers
No full textFollicular helper T cells (Tfh) play an essential role in the affinity maturation of the antibody response by providing help to B cells. To determine whether this CD4+ T cell subset may contribute to the spontaneous control of HIV infection, we analyzed the phenotype and function of circulating Tfh (cTfh) in patients from the ANRS CO21 CODEX cohort who naturally controlled HIV-1 replication to undetectable levels and compared them to treated patients with similarly low viral loads. HIV-specific cTfh (Tet+), detected by Gag-major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) tetramer labeling in the CD45RA- CXCR5+ CD4+ T cell population, proved more frequent in the controller group (P = 0.002). The frequency of PD-1 expression in Tet+ cTfh was increased in both groups (median, >75%) compared to total cTfh (<30%), but the intensity of PD-1 expression per cell remained higher in the treated patient group (P = 0.02), pointing to the persistence of abnormal immune activation in treated patients. The function of cTfh, analyzed by the capacity to promote IgG secretion in cocultures with autologous memory B cells, did not show major differences between groups in terms of total IgG production but proved significantly more efficient in the controller group when measuring HIV-specific IgG production. The frequency of Tet+ cTfh correlated with HIV-specific IgG production (R = 0.71 for Gag-specific and R = 0.79 for Env-specific IgG, respectively). Taken together, our findings indicate that key cTfh-B cell interactions are preserved in controlled HIV infection, resulting in potent memory B cell responses that may play an underappreciated role in HIV control.IMPORTANCE The rare patients who spontaneously control HIV replication in the absence of therapy provide a unique model to identify determinants of an effective anti-HIV immune response. HIV controllers show signs of particularly efficient antiviral T cell responses, while their humoral response was until recently considered to play only a minor role in viral control. However, emerging evidence suggests that HIV controllers maintain a significant but "silent" antiviral memory B cell population that can be reactivated upon antigenic stimulation. We report that cTfh help likely contributes to the persistence of controller memory B cell responses, as the frequency of HIV-specific cTfh correlated with the induction of HIV-specific antibodies in functional assays. These findings suggest that T follicular help may contribute to HIV control and highlight the need for inducing such help in HIV vaccine strategies that aim at eliciting persistent B cell responses
Long-term evolution of hepatocellular adenomas at MRI follow-up
No full textBackground: Hepatocellular adenomas (HCAs) are rare benign liver tumors. Guidelines recommend continued surveillance of patients diagnosed with HCAs, but these guidelines are mainly based on small studies or expert opinion. Purpose: To analyze the long-term evolution of HCAs, including solitary and multiple lesions, and to identify predictive features of progression with MRI. Materials and Methods: In a retrospective study, patients diagnosed with pathologically proven solitary or multiple HCAs between January 2004 and December 2015 were included; b-catenin–mutated HCAs and HCAs with foci of malignancy were considered to be at risk for progression. MRI examinations were analyzed, and tumor evolution was evaluated by using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, version 1.1. Student t, Mann-Whitney, x2, Fisher exact, and McNemar tests were used, as appropriate. Results: In total, 118 patients (mean age, 40 years 6 10 [standard deviation]; 108 women) were evaluated, including 41 with a solitary HCA (mean age, 40 years 6 14; 36 women) and 77 with multiple HCAs (mean age, 40 years 6 10; 72 women). At a median follow-up of 5 years, 37 of 41 (90%) patients with a solitary HCA and 55 of 77 (71%) patients with multiple HCAs showed stable or regressive disease. After resection of solitary HCAs, new lesions appeared in only two of 29 (7%) patients, both of whom had HCAs at risk of progression. In patients with multiple HCAs, hepatocyte nuclear factor 1a–inactivated HCAs showed a higher rate of progression compared with inflammatory HCAs (11 of 26 [42%] vs seven of 37 [19%], P = .04) despite lower use (28 of 32 patients [88%] vs 45 of 45 patients [100%]; P = .03) and shorter duration (mean, 12.0 years 6 7.5 vs 19.2 years 6 9.2; P = .001) of oral contraceptive intake. Conclusion: Long-term MRI follow-up showed that 78% of hepatocellular adenomas had long-term stability or regression. After resection of solitary hepatocellular adenomas, new lesions occurred only in hepatocellular adenomas at risk of progression. Patients with multiple hepatocellular adenomas were more likely to show progressive disease, with hepatic nuclear factor 1a–inactivated hepatocellular adenomas being the most common subtype showing progression
Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM): 12th International Histocompatibility Workshop study
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Multidisciplinary strategies to improve treatment outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma
No full textHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a complex disease with a poor prognosis. Incidence and mortality rates are increasing in many geographical regions, indicating a need for better management strategies. Among several risk factors for HCC, the most common are cirrhosis because of chronic hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus infection and alcohol consumption, obesity, and diabetes. In some patients, combined risk factors present additional challenges to the prevention and treatment of HCC. Screening and surveillance of high-risk populations varies widely by geographic regions, and access to optimal surveillance is critical for early diagnosis. The treatment choice for HCC depends on the cancer stage, patient performance status, and liver function and requires a multidisciplinary approach and close cooperation among specialists for the best patient outcomes. Despite advances in surgical treatments and locoregional therapies, recurrence and liver failure remain significant challenges. The pathogenesis of HCC is a multistep and complex process, wherein angiogenesis plays an important role. The multikinase inhibitor sorafenib is the only approved targeted agent for advanced HCC, although promising results have been obtained with other targeted agents and combinations, and the results of ongoing trials are eagerly awaited. Clinical trials with rigorous study designs, including molecular classification and validation of new molecular biomarkers, are required to improve the personalized treatment of HCC. This article provides an overview of HCC and was developed through a review of relevant literature, clinical trial data, and updated clinical guidelines
Le développement durable au Collège de France
No full textLa quinzième conférence des États parties à la convention cadre des Nations unies sur les changements climatiques, qui s’est tenue à Copenhague en décembre 2009, a pu susciter quelques déceptions, mais elle a surtout mis en lumière l’importance considérable que prend la question du changement climatique sur la scène politique internationale. Lord Nicholas Stern, nommé pour un an titulaire de la chaire « Développement durable – Environnement, énergie, société », n’est pas étranger à cet état d..
Le développement durable au Collège de France
No full textLa quinzième conférence des États parties à la convention cadre des Nations unies sur les changements climatiques, qui s’est tenue à Copenhague en décembre 2009, a pu susciter quelques déceptions, mais elle a surtout mis en lumière l’importance considérable que prend la question du changement climatique sur la scène politique internationale. Lord Nicholas Stern, nommé pour un an titulaire de la chaire « Développement durable – Environnement, énergie, société », n’est pas étranger à cet état d..
Workforce Transition and Income Inequality in the Age of Automation
No full textIt is expected that automation and income inequality will have a major impact on the world economy in the 2020’s and beyond. A research conducted by Bain (K. Harris, Kimson, & Schwedel, 2018) claimed that the impact of the economic disruption, which could be triggered by the collision of income inequality and automation, might be more dramatic than what was experienced in the past sixty years. On one hand, the adoption of new automation and production technologies, such as recent developments in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, is expected to raise new businesses and investment opportunities. It is also expected that automation will boost productivity which has been declining due to several reasons, including aging population (Bughin et al., 2017).On the other hand, only a fraction of society (around 25%) will enjoy the benefits of the coming wave of automation (K. Harris et al., 2018) because automation is expected to increase the demand for high-skilled labour while decreasing the demand for the low-skilled labour. Furthermore, the scarcity of the high skill labour may increase the skill premium. Putting it differently, the demand for high-skilled labour will boost their income while depressing the wage of the low-skilled labour. Moreover, the benefits of automation will flow to the owners of capital due to increasing investment along with automation. As a result, automation has the potential to further deepen income inequality, aggravating the existing inequality in the United States (Alvaredo, Chancel, Piketty, Saez, & Zucman, 2018).This research, therefore, focuses three research gaps to study the impact of automation and digitalization. These gaps are:1) The impact of automation on gross output, the productivity growth, wage, labour share, employment and the structure of the economy in the short run2) The impact of income inequality on aggregate demand and investment of automation and capital3) The role of Main macroeconomic actors and their possible policy actionsEngineering and Policy Analysi
The distribution of wealth in the United States 1930–2010.
No full text<p>A: The probability density reconstructed from the compiled historical data for 2007 (blue) and the probability density function of the approximated log-normal distribution (<i>μ</i> = 11.4 and <i>σ</i> = 1.75) (dashed red); B: The Lorenz curve of the wealth distribution for compiled historical data (blue) and for an approximated log-normal distribution (dashed red). The log-normal distribution parameters used were <i>μ</i> = 11.4 and <i>σ</i> = 1.75; C-E: The share of wealth owned by the top 10% of the population (C), the top 1% (D) and the top 0.1% (E). The presented data are by the courtesy of Gabriel Zucman [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0130181#pone.0130181.ref022" target="_blank">22</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0130181#pone.0130181.ref023" target="_blank">23</a>].</p
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