1,720,981 research outputs found
Secondary chemical building blocks from novel biorefining of agrifood wastes for a future bio-based industrial chemistry
No full textThe cost of primary chemical building blocks, the basic chemicals for synthesis, is about 1-3 €/kg. Phenol and cresols represent a good example of primary chemical building blocks of which 2.8 million tons are currently produced in Europe each year. Currently, these primary phenolic building blocks are produced by refining processes from fossil hydrocarbons: 5% of the world-wide production comes from coal (which contains 0.2% of phenols) through the distillation of the tar residue after the production of coke, while 95% of current world production of phenol is produced by the distillation and cracking of crude oil.
In nature phenolic compounds are present in terrestrial higher plants and ferns in several different chemical structures while they are essentially absent in lower organisms and in animals. Biomass (which contain 3-8% of phenols) represents a substantial source of secondary chemical building blocks presently under exploited. These phenolic derivatives are currently used in tens of thousand of tons to produce high cost products such as food additives and flavours (i.e. vanillin), fine chemicals (i.e. non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen or flurbiprofen) and polymers (i.e. poly p-vinylphenol, a photosensitive polymer for electronic and optoelectronic applications). The cost of the secondary chemical building blocks are range from 40 €/kg to 60.000 €/kg.
European agrifood waste represents a low cost abundant raw material (250 millions tons per year) which does not subtract land use and processing resources from necessary sustainable food production.. The class of phenolic compounds is essentially constituted by simple phenols, phenolic acids, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids and lignans. As in the case of coke production, the removal of the phenolic contents from biomass upgrades also the residual biomass. Focusing on the phenolic component of agrifood wastes, huge processing and marketing opportunities open since phenols are used as chemical intermediates for a large number of applications, ranging from pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals, food ingredients etc.
PHENBUSTER proposes a novel concept for the bio-refinering of agrifood wastes with the aim of substituting secondary chemical building blocks with the same compounds naturally present in biomass. The phenols obtained from wastes will be used as versatile intermediates to obtain a wide range of final products. This project proposes a “Whole Crop Approach” allowing the combination of phenolic recovery, as main strategic goal, with the extraction of fine chemicals, bio-based polymers and energy.
By recovering phenols from plant wastes as chemical building blocks, PHENBUSTER develops a bio-refinery approach with a general validity, since the chemical building blocks feed numerous chemical processes. In this way, our proposal represents the general project exhausting the phenolic, the saccharidic and finally the energy content from agrifood wastes implementing integrated enzymatic and microbial technologies
Recupero di biofenoli da scarti dell’agroindustria: il caso Phenbiox
No full textAn Integrated Use Policy for waste valorisation, focused on agro- food-industry, is fundamental for a sustainable waste management that confers commercial value to waste itself.
The recovery of high added value chemicals from agro-food wastes is an interesting solution in order to set up new sustainable processes.
The research work performed during the LITCAR project allowed to develop novel easily scalable technologies for the efficient recovery of antioxidant molecules from wheat bran and grape skins.
The effectiveness of these technologies were partially demonstrated by the Phenbiox project that led, after 2 years of dedicated work, to the creation of a spin-off company producing and commercializing natural antioxidants for the cosmetic secto
Trattamenti fisici e biologici per la valorizzazione chimica ed energetica di scarti dell’industria vitivinicola
No full textToday’s by-products production from agro-food industry cause some problems of use and removal. A fundamental assumption for this by-product waste-management is their economic and commercial increase in value. High chemical value recovery from winery industry is an attractive economic solution to stimulate new sustainable process. Approach of this work is based about physic and biological treatment white grape stalks to increase in value chemical components of cell wall and energetic availability of by-products
Nuove tecnologie di biocatalisi enzimatica crusca di grano: biodisponibilità e gradevolezza
No full textL’utilizzo di idrolizzato enzimatico di crusca di grano duro consente di ottenere diversi vantaggi, sia riguardo alle attività dei prodotti ottenibili, che dal punto di vista tecnologico in termini di semplicità d’impiego e accettabilità da parte del consumatore.
Una maggiore biodisponibilità delle frazioni attive della crusca e la conseguente maggiore efficacia di una fibra trattata enzimaticamente rispetto a quella originaria è già stata studiata e dimostrata su scala di laboratorio in termini di benefici sulla flora intestinale pro-biotica.I trattamenti enzimatici consentono inoltre di aumentare la biodisponibilità dell’acido ferulico dal 3% nella crusca
non trattata, al 30% in un idrolizzato enzimatico.
Tale processo consente quindi di avere acido ferulico naturale libero e in forma solubile che consente una biodisponibilità elevata a tutti i livelli del processo di ingestione e digestione, contrariamente a quanto avviene con l’acido ferulico contenuto nella crusca, che viene assimilato solo nel tratto finale del tubo digerent
Processi tecnologici per la valorizzazione integrata degli scarti dell’industria olearia
No full textProcesso di valorizzazione dei sottoprodotti dell’industria enologica tramite recupero di sostanze antiossidanti: studi preliminari su un sistema modello
No full text
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Pre-treatment to enhance the energetic yield of winemaking by-products
No full textOn the basis, agro-food wastes can represent a potential energy resource even if the biological transformation to methane is mainly limited to hydrolytic pre-treatment for producing simple sugar to be rapidly fermented. Grape stalks for example have a high percentage
of lignin and cellulose and can’t be used, whitout pretreatment, for an anaerobic digestion process.
Our findings show enzymatic and thermo-mechanical pre-treatments in combined application for optimise hydrolytic mechanism on winemaking wastes which represents 0,9 milion ton/year in Italy.
A screening of specifically industrial enzymatic complex for the hydrolysis lignocellulosic biomass were tested using the principal polysaccharides component of the vegetal cells.
Hydrolysis test are optimized for the different feedstock, in particular grapes stalk and marc from winery industry.
A combination of thermo-mechanical treatment at different temperatures as well enzymatic concentrations from 0,1% to 5% w/w showed an increasing release of simple sugars up to 25% depending to the kind of feedstock.
The optimisation of the operative factors permits to justify an industrial useful of this application in which the sugar concentration has yielded a maximum of 21 gr/L and 30 gr/L with grapes stalk and marc, respectively
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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