29,758 research outputs found
What can 14 CO measurements tell us about OH?
No full textThe possible use of 14CO measurements to constrain hydroxyl radical (OH) concentrations in the atmosphere is investigated. 14CO is mainly produced in the upper atmosphere from cosmic radiation. Measurements of 14CO at the surface show lower concentrations compared to the upper atmospheric source region, which is the result of oxidation by OH. In this paper, the sensitivity of 14CO mixing ratio surface measurements to the 3-D OH distribution is assessed with the TM5 model. Simulated 14CO mixing ratios agree within a few molecules 14CO cm¿3 (STP) with existing measurements at five locations worldwide. The simulated cosmogenic 14CO distribution appears mainly sensitive to the assumed upper atmospheric 14C source function, and to a lesser extend to model resolution. As a next step, the sensitivity of 14CO measurements to OH is calculated with the adjoint TM5 model. The results indicate that 14CO measurements taken in the tropics are sensitive to OH in a spatially confined region that varies strongly over time due to meteorological variability. Given measurements with an accuracy of 0.5 molecules 14CO cm¿3 STP, a good characterization of the cosmogenic 14CO fraction, and assuming perfect transport modeling, a single 14CO measurement may constrain OH to 0.2¿0.3×106 molecules OH cm¿3 on time scales of 6 months and spatial scales of 70×70 degrees (latitude×longitude) between the surface and 500 hPa. The sensitivity of 14CO measurements to high latitude OH is about a factor of five higher. This is in contrast with methyl chloroform (MCF) measurements, which show the highest sensitivity to tropical OH, mainly due to the temperature dependent rate constant of the MCF¿OH reaction. A logical next step will be the analysis of existing 14CO measurements in an inverse modeling framework. This paper presents the required mathematical framework for such an analysis
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and cognitive decline in the very old: The Newcastle 85+ study
No full textBackground and purpose:
Studies investigating the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and cognition in the very old (85+) are lacking.
Methods:
Cross-sectional (baseline) and prospective data (up to 3 years follow-up) from 775 participants in the Newcastle 85+ Study were analysed for global (measured by the Standardized Mini-Mental State Examination) and attention-specific (measured by the attention battery of the Cognitive Drug Research test) cognitive performance in relation to season-specific 25(OH)D quartiles.
Results:
Those in the lowest and highest season-specific 25(OH)D quartiles had an increased risk of impaired prevalent (1.66, 95% confidence interval 1.06–2.60, P = 0.03; 1.62, 95% confidence interval 1.02–2.59, P = 0.04, respectively) but not incident global cognitive functioning or decline in functioning compared with those in the middle quartiles adjusted for sociodemographic, health and lifestyle confounders. Random effects models showed that participants belonging to the lowest and highest 25(OH)D quartiles, compared with those in the middle quartiles, had overall slower (log-transformed) attention reaction times for Choice Reaction Time (lowest, b = 0.023, P = 0.01; highest, b = 0.021, P = 0.02), Digit Vigilance Task (lowest, b = 0.009, P = 0.05; highest,b = 0.01, P = 0.02) and Power of Attention (lowest, b = 0.017, P = 0.02;highest, b = 0.022, P = 0.002) and greater Reaction Time Variability (lowest,b = 0.021, P = 0.02; highest, b = 0.02, P = 0.03). The increased risk of worse global cognition and attention amongst those in the highest quartile was not observed in non-users of vitamin D supplements/medication.
Conclusion:
Low and high season-specific 25(OH)D quartiles were associated with prevalent cognitive impairment and poorer overall performance in attention-specific tasks over 3 years in the very old, but not with global cognitive decline or incident impairment
Concentraciones plasmáticas de 25-OH vitamina D y parathormona en sangre de cordón umbilical
No full textFundamentos: Los niveles de vitamina D (25(OH)D) del recién nacido dependen de los depósitos maternos, presentando mayor riesgo de hipocalcemia, raquitismo e infecciones durante el primer año de vida si existe déficit. Recientemente se han publicado estudios que muestran una alta prevalencia de deficiencia de vitamina D en mujeres gestantes. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar los niveles de 25(OH)D en sangre de cordón umbilical y determinar si existe una relación con factores nutricionales, socioeconómicos y clínicos de las mujeres gestantes. Métodos: Entre marzo y mayo de 2013 se seleccionó a 99 gestantes del Hospital del Mar (Barcelona), en las que se determinaron las concentraciones de 25(OH)D y parathormona en sangre de cordón umbilical. Se recogieron datos de la historia clínica y se realizó una encuesta sobre ingesta de vitamina D y calcio así como de exposición solar. Se realizó el análisis estadístico mediante el programa SPSS. Las comparaciones se realizaron mediante test de Kruskal-Wallis y U de Mann-Whitney, aplicando corrección por comparaciones múltiples de Bonferroni. Se consideró estadísticamente significativa una p<0,05 y de 0,0083 para comparaciones múltiples. Resultados. El valor medio de 25(OH)D en sangre de cordón fue 10,4±6,1 ng/ml. El 94% de las mujeres presentaron niveles de 25(OH)D en sangre de cordón <20 ng/ml. La ingesta de vitamina D y calcio fueron adecuadas en 92%, aunque la exposición solar resultó deficitaria en 47%. Se encontró una correlación entre niveles de 25(OH)D e ingesta de vitamina D (p<0,033) y calcio (p<0,005), exposición solar (p<0,001), etnia (p<0,001), fototipo cutáneo (p<0,001) y uso de indumentaria tradicional (p<0,001). Conclusiones. Existe una elevada prevalencia de déficit de vitamina D en sangre de cordón umbilical tras los meses de invierno. Los niveles de 25(OH)D más bajos se observaron en etnia indopakistaní, fototipo oscuro y baja exposición solar
SPECTROSCOPY AND PREDISSOCIATION DYNAMICS OF OH/D-Ne
No full text1. Y. Lin, S. K. Kulkarni, and M. C. Heaven, J. Phys. Chem. 94, 1720 (1990).""Author Institution: Department of Chemistry, Emory UniversityWe have previously reported the observation and analysis of several bands belonging to the OH/D-Ne These were all associated with the 0 - 0 transitions of OH or OD. More recently, bands associated with the 1 - 0 and 2 - 1 transitions have been observed. Preliminary analyses of these data indicate that the OH/D-Ne interaction is weakly perturbed by vibrational excitation of the O-H/D stretch. Wavelength-resolved fluorescence spectra show that complexes undergo vibrational predissociation. Most of the bands involving excitation of the -Ne stretching motion dissociated to leave the OH/D fragments in specific rotational states (N^{\prime} = 12 for OH: N^{\prime} = 15 for OD). Time-resolved measurements yielded vibrational predissociation rates in the range of Lifetime measurements for indicate that electronic predissociation of OH is inhibited by the presence of the Ne atom. Analyses of the spectroscopic and kinetic data will be presented. Correlations between the predissociations of the complexes and the relaxation dynamics of isolated in solid Ne will be discussed
Hohenpeissenberg Photochemical Experiment (HOPE 2000) : measurements and photostationary state calculations of OH and peroxy radicals
No full textMeasurements of OH, total peroxy radicals, non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and various other trace gases were made at the Meteorological Observatory Hohenpeissenberg in June 2000. The data from an intensive measurement period characterised by high solar insolation (18-21 June) are analysed. The maximum midday OH concentration ranged between 4.5x106 molecules cm-3 and 7.4x106 molecules cm-3. The maximum total ROx (ROx =OH+RO+HO2+RO2) mixing ratio increased from about 55 pptv on 18 June to nearly 70 pptv on 20 and 21 June. A total of 64 NMHCs, including isoprene and monoterpenes, were measured every 1 to 6 hours. The oxidation rate of the NMHCs by OH was calculated and reached a total of over 14x106 molecules cm-3 s-1 on two days. A simple photostationary state balance model was used to simulate the ambient OH and peroxy radical concentrations with the measured data as input. This approach was able to reproduce the main features of the diurnal profiles of both OH and peroxy radicals. The balance equations were used to test the effect of the assumptions made in this model. The results proved to be most sensitive to assumptions about the impact of unmeasured volatile organic compounds (VOC), e.g. formaldehyde (HCHO), and about the partitioning between HO2 and RO2. The measured OH concentration and peroxy radical mixing ratios were reproduced well by assuming the presence of 3 ppbv HCHO as a proxy for oxygenated hydrocarbons, and a HO2/ RO2 ratio between 1:1 and 1:2. The most important source of OH, and conversely the greatest sink for peroxy radicals, was the recycling of HO2 radicals to OH. This reaction was responsible for the recycling of more than 45x106 molecules cm-3 s-1 on two days. The most important sink for OH, and the largest source of peroxy radicals, was the oxidation of NMHCs, in particular, of isoprene and the monoterpenes
Serum 25 (OH)D Concentrations in girls aged 4 to 8 years living in the southeast USA
No full textBackground: Evidence suggests that adults and adolescents throughout the United States are at risk of poor vitamin D status. However, vitamin D concentrations in young American children have not been assessed.\ud
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Objective: The relations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and bone were examined in prepubertal girls.\ud
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Design: In the present cross-sectional study, serum 25(OH)D concentration was assessed in 168 prepubertal girls aged 4–8 y living in the southeastern United States with the use of radioimmunoassay. Bone area, bone mineral content, and areal bone mineral density were measured from total body, lumbar spine, proximal femur, and forearm with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance, analysis of covariance, stepwise multiple regression, and partial correlations.\ud
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Results: The mean (±SD) serum 25(OH)D was 93.8 ± 28.1 nmol/L (range: 31.1–181.4 nmol/L). In a multiple regression analysis, race and season were the strongest predictors of vitamin D status. The black girls had lower mean 25(OH)D values than did the white girls (P < 0.01), and 25(OH)D values were significantly different in the total sample between the seasons (P < 0.001), ranging from 74.4 nmol/L during the winter months to 107 nmol/L during the summer. After adjustment for season, age, race, and body mass index, 25(OH)D values were negatively correlated with forearm bone mineral content (r = –0.18; P = 0.02).\ud
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Conclusions: Unlike prior reports of adults and adolescents living in the southeastern United States, vitamin D status was adequate in the children of the present study. 25(OH)D concentrations were not positively associated with higher bone mineral
Laser-induced fluorescence study of OH in flat flames of 1–10 bar compared with resonance CARS experiments
No full textKohse-Höinghaus K, Meier U, Attal-Trétout B. Laser-induced fluorescence study of OH in flat flames of 1–10 bar compared with resonance CARS experiments. Applied Optics. 1990;29(10):1560-1569.Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) measurements of OH were performed in flat stoichiometric CH4/air flames burning at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9.6 bar, which had previously been investigated using OH resonance CARS. In the LIF study, line shape information and temperatures were extracted from excitation spectra; in addition, OH profiles as a function of height above the burner surface and an estimate of the OH concentration for the different flames were obtained. The perspectives and feasibility of quantitative fluorescence measurements in high pressure flames are discussed, particularly in comparison with the application of resonance CARS
Seasonal measurements of total OH reactivity emission rates from Norway spruce in 2011
No full textNumerous reactive volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted into the atmosphere by vegetation. Most biogenic VOCs are highly reactive towards the atmosphere's most important oxidant, the hydroxyl (OH) radical. One way to investigate the chemical interplay between biosphere and atmosphere is through the measurement of total OH reactivity, the total loss rate of OH radicals. This study presents the first determination of total OH reactivity emission rates (measurements via the comparative reactivity method) based on a branch cuvette enclosure system mounted on a Norway spruce (Picea abies) throughout spring, summer and autumn 2011. In parallel VOC emission rates were monitored by a second proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS), and total ozone (O3) loss rates were obtained inside the cuvette. Total OH reactivity emission rates were in general temperature and light dependent, showing strong diel cycles with highest values during daytime. Monoterpene emissions contributed most, accounting for 56–69% of the measured total OH reactivity flux in spring and early summer. However, during late summer and autumn the monoterpene contribution decreased to 11–16%. At this time, a large missing fraction of the total OH reactivity emission rate (70–84%) was found when compared to the VOC budget measured by PTR-MS. Total OH reactivity and missing total OH reactivity emission rates reached maximum values in late summer corresponding to the period of highest temperature. Total O3 loss rates within the closed cuvette showed similar diel profiles and comparable seasonality to the total OH reactivity fluxes.
Total OH reactivity fluxes were also compared to emissions from needle storage pools predicted by a temperature-only-dependent algorithm. Deviations of total OH reactivity fluxes from the temperature-only-dependent emission algorithm were observed for occasions of mechanical and heat stress. While for mechanical stress, induced by strong wind, measured VOCs could explain total OH reactivity emissions, during heat stress they could not. The temperature-driven algorithm matched the diel variation of total OH reactivity emission rates much better in spring than in summer, indicating a different production and emission scheme for summer and early autumn. During these times, unmeasured and possibly unknown primary biogenic emissions contributed significantly to the observed total OH reactivity flux
Relationship between serics concentracion of vitamin 25(oh) d and oxidative stress levels in a population of diabetes mellitus type 2 (2011).
No full textObjetivo: Determinar si existe una relación entre las concentraciones séricas de vitamina 25 (OH)D y estado de estrés oxidativo en pacientes con DM2 controlada. Muestra: Se reclutaron 19 pacientes, rango de edad 55 +/-10 años, HG A1c 7%. Materiales y Métodos: Los niveles plasmáticos de 25(OH)D por método de quimioluminiscencia, el estado prooxidante por ensayo TBARS y el estado antioxidante mediante actividad SOD. Resultados: El 68% presentó niveles insuficientes de vitamina D. No fue posible establecer una relación de dependencia entre Vitamina D, TBARS y SOD. Conclusiones: Este estudio realizado en pacientes con DM2, demostró una insuficiencia de vitamina D en proporción elevada. Se recomienda medir el estado oxidativo en el tiempo y relacionarlo con la evolución de las complicaciones de la DM2. / Abstract. Objective: Establish a possible relationship between the seric concentration of vitamin 25 (OH) D and oxidative stress status in controlled DM2 patients. Sample: 19 patients were recruited, range of 55 +/-10 years, HG A1c 7%. Method and Materials: The serics levels of 25(OH) D by the quimioluminiscencia method. The prooxidant state by TBARS and antioxidant status through the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Results: 68% is below 30ng/mL Vitamin D levels. It does not make possible to establish a relationship of dependency between Vitamin D, TBARS and SOD. Conclusion: The present study has been done with a DM2 controlled patients who demonstrate a vitamin D insufficiency in a high proportion. The proposal is to measure the evolution of the prooxidant and antioxidant status and the correlation with the complication of DM2.Maestrí
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