260 research outputs found
Amazophrynella bilinguis Kaefer & Rojas & Ferrão & Farias & Lima 2019, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Amazophrynella bilinguis</i> sp. nov. Kaefer, Rojas, Ferrão & Lima <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 6E3730AD-CC35-47B1-99F6-E7FEC5382F9F</p> <p> <i> <i>Holotype</i>.</i> INPA-H 39784 (field number APL 18244), adult male (Fig. 1 A–B, 2A–C, 3A, 3C, 4A, 5B) collected on February 2012 by I.L. Kaefer, A.P. Lima and L. Vasconcelos in the farm Fazenda Taperinha (2°34’48.4” S; 54°22’16.6” W, 7 m a.s.l.) on the south margin of the Amazon River, Municipality of Santarém, Pará State, Brazil.</p> <p> <b> <i>Paratype</i> s</b> . Eleven specimens. Nine males: INPA-H 39782, INPA-H 39780, INPA-H 39774, INPA-H 39776, INPA-H 39783, INPA-H 39778, INPA-H 39781, INPA-H 39775, INPA-H 39785 (field numbers APL 18240, APL 18241, APL 18243, APL 18245, APL 18246, APL 18247, APL 18248, APL 18249, and APL 18250, respectively); two females: INPA-H 39779 and INPA-H 39777 (field numbers APL 18242, APL 18251, respectively); all collected by I.L. Kaefer, A.P. Lima and L. Vasconcelos between February 3–5 2012 at the same locality of holotype. Female INPA-H 39777 is designated as the allotype (Fig. 1 C–D, 2D–F, 3B, 3D, 4B, 5A).</p> <p> <i> <i>Diagnosis</i>.</i> A species of <i>Amazophrynella</i> characterized by: (1) SVL 13–14.5 mm in males and 19.6–20.4 mm in females; (2) Finger I Ż Finger II; (3) palmar tubercle rounded; (4) dorsal surfaces highly granular; (5) whitish belly with black tiny spots in life; (6) call type 1 composed by one note with duration of 0.206– 0.292 s and 69–77 pulses; (7) call type 2 with duration of 0.779– 3.191 s and constituted by 6–22 multipulsed notes (9–14 pulses/note).</p> <p> <i> <i>Comparison with other species</i>.</i> We compared the new species with all currently recognized species of <i>Amazophrynella</i>: <i>A. amazonicola</i>; <i>A. bokermanni</i>; <i>A. javierbustamantei</i> Rojas, Chaparro, Carvalho, Ávila, Farias, Hrbek, and Gordo, 2016; <i>A. manaos</i> Rojas, Carvalho, Ávila, Farias, and Hrbek, 2014; <i>A. matses</i> Rojas, Carvalho, Ávila, Farias, Gordo, and Hrbek, 2015; <i>A. minuta</i>; <i>A. moisesii</i> Rojas, Fouquet, Ron, Hernández-Ruz, Melo- Sampaio, Chaparro, Vogt, Carvalho, Pinheiro, Ávila, Farias, Gordo, and Hrbek, 2018; <i>A. siona</i>; <i>A. teko</i> Rojas, Fouquet, Ron, Hernández-Ruz, Melo-Sampaio, Chaparro, Vogt, Carvalho, Pinheiro, Ávila, Farias, Gordo, and Hrbek, 2018; <i>A. vote</i> Ávila, Carvalho, Gordo, Kawashita-Ribeiro, and Morais, 2012; <i>A. xinguensis</i> Rojas, Fouquet, Ron, Hernández-Ruz, Melo-Sampaio, Chaparro, Vogt, Carvalho, Pinheiro, Ávila, Farias, Gordo, and Hrbek, 2018. <i>Amazophrynella bilinguis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> can be distinguished from all other <i>Amazophrynella</i> species by the combination of morphological and bioacoustic characters. In addition, the new species differs genetically from all other species in the genus. Characteristics of compared species are presented in parentheses.</p> <p> The whitish belly in life distinguishes <i>Amazophrynella bilinguis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> from <i>A. minuta</i> (yellow to orange: Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2018c), <i>A. amazonicola</i> (yellow to reddish orange: Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2015), <i>A. matses</i> (yellow to yellowish orange: Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2015), <i>A. siona</i> (yellow to reddish brown: Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2018a), <i>A. javierbustamantei</i> (pale yellow: Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2016), <i>A. moisesi</i> (pale yellow: Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2018a), <i>A. teko</i> (pale yellow to cream: Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2018a). The Finger I Ż Finger II in <i>A. bilinguis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> differs from those of all above cited species (Finger I smaller than Finger II: Ávila <i>et al</i>. 2012, Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018a, 2018c). Additionally, by emitting call type 1 with duration of 0.206– 0.292 s and 69–77 pulses, the new species can be distinguished from <i>A. minuta</i> (0.132– 0.143 s and 43–48 pulses: present study), and <i>A. teko</i> (0.150– 0.190 s and 10–30 pulses: Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2018a). In addition, <i>A. bilinguis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> emits call type 2 with multipulsed notes that differs from those of <i>A. amazonicola</i>, <i>A. minuta</i>, and <i>A. siona</i> (non-pulsed: Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2018a, b, present study; see Discussion section).</p> <p> The whitish belly of the new species is similar to <i>A. manaos</i>, <i>A. vote</i>, <i>A. xinguensis</i> and <i>A. bokermanni</i>. The new species differs from <i>A. manaos</i> by having Finger I Ż Finger II (Finger I shorter than Finger II: Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2014), whitish belly with black tiny spots (whitish belly with black blotches: Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2014), and advertisement call type 1 with duration of 0.206– 0.292 s (0.133– 0.156 s: Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2018b). <i>Amazophrynella bilinguis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> differs from <i>A. vote</i> by reaching 14.5 mm SVL in males and 20.4 mm in females (maximum SVL 19.3 mm in males, and 25.7 mm in females: Ávila <i>et al</i>. 2012) and Finger I Ż Finger II (Finger I <Finger II: Ávila <i>et al</i>. 2012). Moreover, <i>A. bilinguis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> differs of <i>A. vote</i> by having call type 1 with duration of 0.206– 0.292 s and 69–77 pulses (0.098– 0.150 s and 41–60 pulses: Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2018b).</p> <p> According to the genetic analyses (see section Phylogenetic relationships), <i>A. xinguensis</i> and <i>A. bokermanni</i> are the most closely-related nominal species in relation to <i>Amazophrynella bilinguis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> The new species can be distinguished from <i>A. xinguensis</i> by having SVL 13–14.5 mm in males and 19.6–20.4 mm in females (SVL males 17.7–20.0 mm; SVL females 22.4–26.3 mm: Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2018a), palmar tubercle rounded (elliptical: Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2018a). The advertisement call of <i>A. xinguensis</i> is unknown. <i>Amazophrynella bilinguis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> is differentiated from <i>A. bokermanni</i> by SVL 13–14.5 mm in males (SVL = 15.9–16.5 mm: Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2018a), dorsal surfaces highly granular (granular), black tiny spots on venter (small black dots). Moreover, the advertisement call type 1 of <i>A. bilinguis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> can be distinguished from those of <i>A. bokermanni</i> by duration of notes 0.206– 0.292 s (0.125– 0.163 s: Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2018b).</p> <p> <i> <i>Description of holotype</i>.</i> Body small, elongate. Head triangular in dorsal and lateral view. Head longer than wide. HL 38.04% and HW 30.43% of SVL. Snout acuminate in lateral view and triangular in dorsal view. SL 44.4% of HL. Nostrils protuberant, closer to snout than eyes. <i>Cantus rostralis</i> straight in dorsal view. Internarinal distance smaller than eye diameter. IND 28.6% of HW. Upper eyelid covered by small granules. Eye prominent, 29.0% of HL. Tympanum not visible through the skin. Texture of skin on tympanum covered with granules. Texture of dorsal skin highly granular. Texture of dorsolateral skin granular. Abundance of granules on arms insertion. Forelimbs thick. Upper arms robust. UAL 39.1% of SVL. Presence of granules on upper arm and arm. HAL 20.9% of UAL. Fingers slender. Tips unexpanded. Fingers basally webbed. Relative length of Fingers: I Ż II <IV <III. Thumb larger and robust. Supernumerary tubercle rounded: two on Finger I and II and IV and three in Finger III. Palmar tubercle rounded, approximately ¼ of hand. Gular region granular. Texture of ventral skin granular. Cloacal opening slightly above midlevel of thighs. Hind limbs slender. Thigh to tarsus covered by spiny protuberances. THL 58.2% of SVL. TAL 50.6% of SVL. Presence of small granules on tibia. Tarsus 36.8% of SVL. FL 60.5% of THL. Relative length of toes: I <II <III <V <IV. Inner metatarsal tubercle rounded. Outer metatarsal tubercle small and oval. Subarticular tubercles rounded: one on toes I, II and V, three on toes III and IV; foot with slender, basally webbed toes.</p> <p> <b> <i>Measurement of the holotype</i> (<i>in mm</i>)</b> . SVL: 13.8; HW: 4.2; HL: 5.2; SL: 2.3; ED: 1.5; IND: 1.2; UAL: 5.4; HAL: 2.9; FI: 1.5; FII:1.5; THL: 8.1; TAL: 7.5; TL: 5.1; FL: 4.9.</p> <p> <i> <i>Coloration of the holotype</i>.</i> In life, head brown in dorsal view. Dorsum brown with brown chevrons. Flanks light brown. Dorsal surfaces of upper arm, arm and hand light brown. Dorsal surfaces of thighs, tibia, tarsus and foot light brown. Gular region cream with brown spots. Belly whitish with brown spots and white granules (Fig. 5B). Ventral surfaces of upper arm and arm creamy. Palm reddish. Ventral surfaces of thighs, tarsus and tibia creamy, sole black. Iris golden and pupil black.</p> <p>In preservative, the coloration is almost the same than the one in life. The coloration of the dorsum becomes light brown. Gular region and venter become cream. The iris loses its coloration. Fingers and toes become cream (Fig. 6).</p> <p> <i> <i>Variation</i>.</i> There is little variation among specimens of the type series (Table 2). Sexual dimorphism was detected in SVL, with 13.0– 14.5 mm (13.65 ± 0.43 mm, n = 10) in males and 19.56–20.4 mm (19.98 ± 0.59 mm, n =2) in females. Three specimens (INPA-H 39775, INPA-H 39780, INPA-H 39776) have few granules on posterior region of head. The specimen INPA-H 39779 present a white line from head to cloaca. There is variation in the size (mm) of the FI and FII between individuals, while some (e.g. INPA-H 39778, INPA-H 39774, INPA-H 39783) present Finger I> Finger II and other present Finger I Ż Finger II (e.g. INPA-H 39782, INPA-H 39784, INPA-H 39775). Subarticular tubercles more protruding and swollen in females. The specimen INPA-H39777 shows small spots on dorsolateral surfaces. Dorsum with different tonalities of brown (light brown to brown). Spots on venter vary in sizes (small to medium size). Thighs, shanks and tarsus between cream and whitish coloration, in ventral view. Palm and sole present different tonalities of cream, in ventral view. In preserved specimens, the palmar tubercle is more flattened.</p> <p> <i> <i>Advertisement call</i>.</i> Two different call types were recorded (Fig. 7 A–D), both of them from the same two individuals. Additional males, not recorded, also emitted both call types. We did not categorize these vocalizations as a single composed advertisement call because each one of the call types can be repeated for several minutes. The calls of type 1 (Fig. 7A) consist of one multipulsed note (Fig. 7C) with average duration of 0.248 ± 0.020 s (0.206– 0.292 s) and are composed by 72 ± 2 pulses (69–77 pulses). Calls type 1 are emitted in series (Fig. 7A) and are interleaved by silent intervals of 1.076 ± 0.162 s (0.621– 3.779 s). Calls type 1 have a mean dominant frequency of 3526 ± 170 Hz (3338–4264 Hz), low frequency of 3058 ± 119 Hz (2674–3234 Hz) and high frequency of 4478 ± 173 Hz (4277–4744 Hz).</p> <p>Different from calls of type 1, the calls of type 2 are arranged in bouts (Fig. 7B) of notes and have a duration of 1.9 ± 0.77 s (0.779– 3.191 s). The mean number of notes per call is 13 ± 5 (6–22 notes) and notes are 0.034 ± 0.001 s (0.010– 0.065 s) long in average. The duration of the silent interval between notes in call type 2 is 0.125 ± 0.028 s (0.085– 0.206 s). Notes are composed of 12 ± 1 pulses (9–14 pulses) (Fig. 7D). The mean dominant frequency of calls type 2 is 3450 ± 68 Hz (3220–4680 Hz), while the mean low frequency is 3200 ± 18 Hz (2961–3410 Hz) and high frequency is 4002 ± 91 Hz (3345–4680 Hz).</p> <p> <i> <i>Phylogenetic relationships</i>.</i> Our phylogenetic tree inferred from 559 aligned sites of 16S rRNA (Fig. 8) was partially concordant with Rojas <i>et al</i>. (2018a). All nominal species of <i>Amazophrynella</i> in our reconstruction formed well supported clades (PP Ż 0.95), excepted <i>A. siona</i>, and <i>A. teko</i>. <i>Amazophrynella bilinguis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> was recovered as the sister taxon of <i>Amazophrynella</i> sp. 3 (<i>sensu</i> Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2018a) from Parque de Desenvolvimento Jatobá (Tapajós River, Pará, Brazil) with low support (PP = 0.74).</p> <p> Genetic distance between <i>A. bilinguis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> and <i>Amazophrynella</i> sp. 3 was relatively low (p and K2P = 2%) compared to distances calculated between <i>A. bilinguis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> and other <i>Amazophrynella</i> species that ranged from 3% (p) and 4% (K2P) (<i>Amazophrynella</i> sp. 2) to 14% (p) and 16% (K2P) (<i>A. siona</i>). <i>Amazophrynella bilinguis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> presented 4% (p and K2P) genetic distance from samples of <i>A. bokermanni,</i> the nominal species that was placed closest to it in the phylogenetic tree. See Table 3 for genetic distances among all analyzed species.</p> <p> <i> <i>Distribution and natural history</i>. Amazophrynella bilinguis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> is known only from Fazenda Taperinha (2°34’48.4” S; 54°22’16.6” W, 7 m a.s.l.) on south margin of the Amazon River, Municipality of Santarém, Pará State, Brazil (Fig. 9). However, it is likely that sampling efforts, which are historically scarce at that region, might expand the known distribution of this taxon.</p> <p>Like in other species within the genus, males of this species were found calling during the day, usually perched up to 10–40 cm above the ground on vegetation, fallen logs, branches or on leaf litter on the forest floor. Females and vocally active males were found near a stream and associated shallow ponds, where egg deposition and tadpole development may occur. After collection, a pair (female = INPA-H 39779, SVL = 20.8 mm; male = INPA-H 39774; SVL = 15.4 mm) engaged in axillary amplexus inside a plastic bag in the improvised field laboratory (Fig. 4A and 4B).</p> <p> <i> <i>Etymology</i>.</i> The epithet " <i>bilinguis</i> " is Latin and means "bilingual". It refers to the two distinct advertisement calls emitted by the male individuals.</p>Published as part of <i>Kaefer, Igor Luis, Rojas, Rommel R., Ferrão, Miquéias, Farias, Izeni Pires & Lima, Albertina Pimentel, 2019, A new species of Amazophrynella (Anura: Bufonidae) with two distinct advertisement calls, pp. 316-334 in Zootaxa 4577 (2)</i> on pages 319-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4577.2.5, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/2629715">http://zenodo.org/record/2629715</a>
Evidence-based medicine 1: Background
No full textThe Research Committee of the European Society of Pediatric Urology will present a series of short educational communications related to evidence-based medicine. The aim of the series is to emphasize the importance of grading evidence, thereby determining the best clinical practice for patients. The goal of this series is to guide the clinician in using tools for setting up a clinical question, finding appropriate information, searching appropriate databases, and evaluating the results in relation to the patient in mind. This first part will serve as an introduction or background. Following publications will cover the topics of hierarchy of evidence, information acquisition, clinical appraisal tools, and applications in clinical practice [3]
FIGURE 10 in A new species of Amazophrynella (Anura: Bufonidae) with two distinct advertisement calls
No full textFIGURE 10. Advertisement call of A. minuta (A–D). Oscilograms depict five calls type 1 (A) and a call type 2 constituted by four notes (B). Detailed view of the call type 1 (C) and a note of the call type 2 (D). Advertisement calls recorded at the type locality, in Taracuá (São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Amazonas state, Brazil). Air temperature between 26 and 27 °C. Plate by MF.Published as part of Kaefer, Igor Luis, Rojas, Rommel R., Ferrão, Miquéias, Farias, Izeni Pires & Lima, Albertina Pimentel, 2019, A new species of Amazophrynella (Anura: Bufonidae) with two distinct advertisement calls, pp. 316-334 in Zootaxa 4577 (2) on page 329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4577.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/262971
Evidence-based medicine V: how to use in clinical practice
No full textIn this penultimate installment in the educational series on evidence-based medicine, the Research Committee of the European Society of Pediatric Urology will focus on clinical application. In previous communications, optimizing medical decisions was focused on through the use of well-conducted research publications, and the topics of background, hierarchy of evidence, information acquisition, and critical appraisal tools were covered. The goal is to guide the clinician in using evidentiary tools for setting up a clinical question, finding appropriate information, searching appropriate databases, and evaluating the results with the patient in mind
Evidence-based medicine III: level of evidence
No full textThe present article is the third installment in a five-part series related to evidence-based medicine (EBM) provided by the European Society for Paediatric Urology Research Committee. It will present the different levels of evidence (i.e. systematic review, randomized controlled trial, cohort study) available to clinicians and researchers and describe the strengths of each study type. While EBM provides a valuable construct to aid in medical decision-making, it remains imperative that this information be interpreted and applied in the clinical context with a good dose of common sense
Evidence Based Medicine IV: how to find an evidence-based answer to a clinical question? Make a critically appraised topic!
No full textThis manuscript is the fourth in a five part series related to evidence based medicine (EBM) provided by the European society of pediatric urology (ESPU) research committee. It will present a way to come to a quick and critical appraisal of available evidence on a specific topic: a CAT (critically appraised topic). The way how to write a cat is described for interventions to be compared to a control group, and for other, more generalized clinical questions. While systematic reviews provide a throughout overview of all evidence available, a CAT provides a shorter way to come to quick insights based on EBM
Ratio of carbon dioxide veno-arterial difference to oxygen arterial-venous difference is not associated with lactate decrease after fluid bolus in critically ill patients with hyperlactatemia: results from a prospective observational study
No full textBackground: High ratio of the carbon dioxide veno-arterial difference to the oxygen arterial-venous difference (PvaCO2/CavO2) is associated with fluid bolus (FB) induced increase in oxygen consumption (VO2). This study investigated whether PvaCO2/CavO2 was associated with decreases in blood-lactate levels FB in critically ill patients with hyperlactatemia. Methods: This prospective observational study examined adult patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) with lactate levels > 1.5 mmol/L who received FBs. Blood-lactate levels were measured before and after FB under unchanged metabolic, respiratory, and hemodynamic conditions. The primary outcome was blood-lactate levels after FB. Significant decreases in blood-lactate levels were considered as blood-lactate levels < 1.5 mmol/L or a decrease of more than 10% compared to baseline. Results: The study enrolled 40 critically ill patients, and their median concentration of blood lactate was 2.6 [IQR:1.9 − 3.8] mmol/L. There were 27 (68%) patients with PvaCO2/CavO2 ≥ 1.4 mmHg/ml, and 10 of them had an increase in oxygen consumption (dVO2) ≥ 15% after FB, while 13 (32%) patients had PvaCO2/CavO2 < 1.4 mmHg/ml before FB, and none of them had dVO2 ≥ 15% after FB. FB increased the cardiac index in patients with high and low preinfusion PvaCO2/CavO2 (13.4% [IQR: 8.3 − 20.2] vs. 8.8% [IQR: 2.9 − 17.4], p = 0.34). Baseline PvaCO2/CavO2 was not found to be associated with a decrease in blood lactate after FB (OR: 0.88 [95% CI: 0.39 − 1.98], p = 0.76). A positive correlation was observed between changes in blood lactate and baseline PvaCO2/CavO2 (r = 0.35, p = 0.02). Conclusions: In critically ill patients with hyperlactatemia, PvaCO2/CavO2 before FB cannot be used to predict decreases in blood-lactate levels after FB. Increased PvaCO2/CavO2 is associated with less decrease in blood-lactate levels
Estimation of central arterial pressure from the radial artery in patients undergoing invasive neuroradiological procedures
No full textBackgrounds: Central arterial pressure can be derived from analysis of the peripheral artery waveform. The aim of this study was to compare central arterial pressures measured from an intra-aortic catheter with peripheral radial arterial pressures and with central arterial pressures estimated from the peripheral pressure wave using a pressure recording analytical method (PRAM). Methods: We studied 21 patients undergoing digital subtraction cerebral angiography under local or general anesthesia and equipped with a radial arterial catheter. A second catheter was placed in the ascending aorta for central pressure wave acquisition. Central (AO) and peripheral (RA) arterial waveforms were recorded simultaneously by PRAM for 90-180 s. During an off-line analysis, AO pressures were reconstructed (AOrec) from the RA trace using a mathematical model obtained by multi-linear regression analysis. The AOrec values obtained by PRAM were compared with the true central pressure value obtained from the catheter placed in the ascending aorta. Results: Systolic, diastolic and mean pressures ranged from 79 to 180 mmHg, 47 to 102 mmHg, and 58 to 128 mmHg, respectively, for AO, and 83 to 174 mmHg, 47 to 107 mmHg, and 60 to 129 mmHg, respectively, for RA. The correlation coefficients between AO and RA were 0.86 (p < 0.01), 0.83 (p < 0.01) and 0.86 (p < 0.01) for systolic, diastolic and mean pressures, respectively, and the mean differences-0.3 mmHg, 2.4 mmHg and 1.5 mmHg. The correlation coefficients between AO and AOrec were 0.92 (p < 0.001), 0.87 (p < 0.001) and 0.92 (p < 0.001), for systolic, diastolic and mean pressures, respectively, and the mean differences 0.01 mmHg, 1.8 mmHg and 1.2 mmHg. Conclusions: PRAM can provide reliable estimates of central arterial pressure. © 2019 The Author(s)
An austral anuran assemblage in the Neotropics: seasonal occurrence correlated with photoperiod
No full textFigure 3. Similarity of habitat use for males of 18 anuran species recorded in three sites in the municipality of Itaara, southern Brazil. The rectangles indicate groups with overlap up to 90%. r5cophenetic correlation coefficient. Group I: species in permanent ponds; group II: species in permanent ponds and neighbouring swampy regions; group III: species in permanent ponds and dam backwater; group IV: species in permanent ponds, open dam and dam backwater; group V: species in permanent and temporary ponds; group VI: species in permanent and temporary ponds and dam backwater. Species: Aplastodiscus perviridis (Ape), Chaunus achavali (Cac), Dendropsophus minutus (Dmi), D. sanborni (Dsa), Elachistocleis bicolor (Ebi), Hypsiboas faber (Hfa), Hypsiboas pulchellus (Hpu), Leptodactylus fuscus (Lfu), L. gracilis (Lgr), L. ocellatus (Loc), Limnomedusa macroglossa (Lma), Physalaemus cf. gracilis (Pgr), P. cuvieri (Pcu), Pseudis minuta (Pmi), Pseudopaludicola falcipes (Pfa), Scinax fuscovarius (Sfu), S. granulatus (Sgr), S. squalirostris (Ssq).Published as part of Both, Camila, Kaefer, Ígor L., Santos, Tiago G. & Cechin, Sonia T. Z., 2008, An austral anuran assemblage in the Neotropics: seasonal occurrence correlated with photoperiod, pp. 205-222 in Journal of Natural History 42 (3-4) on page 212, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701847923, http://zenodo.org/record/521969
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