939 research outputs found
European Pharmaceutical Price Regulation, Firm Profitability, and R&D Spending
No full textEU countries closely regulate pharmaceutical prices whereas the U.S. does not. This paper shows how price constraints affect the profitability, stock returns, and R&D spending of EU and U.S. firms. Compared to EU firms, U.S. firms are more profitable, earn higher stock returns, and spend more on research and development (R&D). Some differences have increased over time. In 1986, EU pharmaceutical R&D exceeded U.S. R&D by about 24 percent, but by 2004, EU R&D trailed U.S. R&D by about 15 percent. During these 19 years, U.S. R&D spending grew at a real annual compound rate of 8.8 percent, while EU R&D spending grew at a real 5.4 percent rate. Results show that EU consumers enjoyed much lower pharmaceutical price inflation, however, at a cost of 46 fewer new medicines introduced by EU firms and 1680 fewer EU research jobs.
Futher sapononins and flavonoids from Astragalus verrucosus Moris
No full textFrom the aerial parts of Astragalus verrucosus Moris, a novel cycloartane-type triterpene glycoside, named astraverrucin VII, was isolated along with cycloaraloside D (peregrinoside II) and cycloaraloside C (astrailienin A). The flavonoid composition was investigated for the first time, and fifteen known flavonoids were isolated and identified. All structural elucidation were performed by spectral means. The chemiotaxonomic importance of these findings is discussed
Callus induction in pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) cv. Moris and Josapine.
No full textThe induction of callus from Meristemic Globular Bodies (MGB) of two pineapple cultivars, namely Moris and Josapine, under six concentration levels of auxin NAA and six concentration levels of 2,4-D in Murashige and Skoog solid media, was investigated. 2,4-D auxin treatments failed to induce calli in both cultivars. However, 53.71, 75.19 and 85.93 μM levels of auxin NAA caused calli induction in Moris while levels 32.22, 53.71 and 75.19 μM also induced calli Josapine. The percentage of MGB calli formation increased with increasing time of culturing. At 6 weeks of culturing, 83% of Moris MGB explants formed calli on 85.93 μM NAA, while 50% of Josapine MGB explants formed calli on 53.71 μM NAA. Calli cultures have been an essential tool in the in vitro selection of desirable plants under manipulated conditions and from in vitro mutations via somaclonal variation. More importantly, calli are increasingly used for the application of cellular level genetic modification techniques such as the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, particle bombardment and protoplast isolation and fusion. In this study, auxin NAA successfully initiated and proliferated calli in Moris and Josapine globular meristemic cultures
Alternative stable states in mountain forest ecosystems: the case of European larch (Larix decidua) forests in the western Alps
No full textEuropean larch (Larix decidua) forests of the western Alps form extensive cultural landscapes whose resilience to global changes is currently unknown. Resilience describes the capacity of ecological systems to maintain the same state, i.e., the same function, processes, structure, and composition despite disturbances, environmental changes and internal fluctuations. Our aim is to explore the resilience of larch forests to changes in climate and land use in the western Italian Alps. To do so, we examined whether larch forests can be described as an alternative stable state in mountain forest ecosystems. We used tree basal area data obtained from field forest inventories in combination with topography, forest structure, land use, and climate information. We applied three different probabilistic methods: frequency distributions, logistic regressions, and potential analyses to infer the resilience of larch forests relative to that of other forest types. We found patters indicative of alternative stable states: bimodality in the frequency distribution of the percent of larch basal area, and the presence of an unstable state, i.e., mixed larch forests, in the potential analyses. We also found: (1) high frequency of pure larch forests at high elevation, (2) the probability of pure larch forests increased mostly with elevation, and (3) pure larch forests were a stable state in the upper montane and subalpine belts. Our study shows that the resilience of larch forests may increase with elevation, most likely due to the altitudinal effect on climate. Under the same climate conditions, land use seems to be the main factor governing the dominance of larch forests. In fact, subalpine larch forests may be more resilient, and natural succession after land abandonment, e.g., towards Pinus cembra forests, seems slower than in montane larch forests. In contrast, in the upper montane belt only intense land use regimes characterized by open canopies and forest grazing may maintain larch forests. We conclude that similar approaches could be applied in other forest ecosystems to infer the resilience of tree species
Bayesian methods for addressing long-standing problems in associative learning: The case of PREE
No full textThe author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Joaquin Moris was funded with a Juan de la Cierva Postdoctoral grant. This research was supported by grants PSI2013-43516-R and PSI2016-78818-R of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, and grant IT955-16 of the Basque Government
FIGURE 1 in Orobanche australis Moris ex Bertol. the correct name for O. thapsoides Lojac. (Orobanchaceae)
No full textFIGURE 1. Comparison of the flowers of the compared taxa drawn from the original material: a) Orobanche australis; b) O. canescens; c) O. pubescens; d) O. palaestina; e) O. amethystea (drawing by G. Domina).Published as part of Domina, Gianniantonio, Uhlich, Holger & Barone, Giulio, 2022, Orobanche australis Moris ex Bertol. the correct name for O. thapsoides Lojac. (Orobanchaceae), pp. 91-96 in Phytotaxa 531 (2) on page 94, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/586906
Euphemia gamike, quam novis nuptiis Ornatissimi Et Honestissimi, Antiqua Generis Claritate Conspicui iuvenis, Dn. Balthasaris Schütz sponsi, & ... virginis Catharinae ... D. Hieronymi Naummanni, Viri Consularis in Republica Aldenbergensi meritissimi ... filiae, sponsae, moris, amoris honoris & gratitudinis ergo dedicabam David Wangenheimius Aldenbergensis L. L. studiosus, & alumnus Electoralis in academia Wittebergensi ...
No full textEUPHEMIA GAMIKE, QUAM NOVIS NUPTIIS ORNATISSIMI ET HONESTISSIMI, ANTIQUA GENERIS CLARITATE CONSPICUI IUVENIS, DN. BALTHASARIS SCHÜTZ SPONSI, & ... VIRGINIS CATHARINAE ... D. HIERONYMI NAUMMANNI, VIRI CONSULARIS IN REPUBLICA ALDENBERGENSI MERITISSIMI ... FILIAE, SPONSAE, MORIS, AMORIS HONORIS & GRATITUDINIS ERGO DEDICABAM DAVID WANGENHEIMIUS ALDENBERGENSIS L. L. STUDIOSUS, & ALUMNUS ELECTORALIS IN ACADEMIA WITTEBERGENSI ...
Euphemia gamike, quam novis nuptiis Ornatissimi Et Honestissimi, Antiqua Generis Claritate Conspicui iuvenis, Dn. Balthasaris Schütz sponsi, & ... virginis Catharinae ... D. Hieronymi Naummanni, Viri Consularis in Republica Aldenbergensi meritissimi ... filiae, sponsae, moris, amoris honoris & gratitudinis ergo dedicabam David Wangenheimius Aldenbergensis L. L. studiosus, & alumnus Electoralis in academia Wittebergensi ... ([1]r)
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Verbascum conocarpum subsp. conocarpum Moris subsp. conocarpum
No full textVerbascum conocarpum Moris subsp. conocarpum − Bonifacio, carrière de blocs granitiques peu au nord de la Santa Réparata, point côté 109, 28.4.201 3, une quinzaine d’individus, Le Driant, F. observation et photos; Nord-Ouest de Bonifacio, bord de la route N 198 avant l’embranchement de la D60, au niveau de la fontaine de Ferracu, abords rudéraux et sablonneux, 85 m, 2.5.199 8, Alphand, J. s.n. (Hb. privé). Taxon très rare, contrairement au subsp. conradiae Jeanm., et connu uniquement du sud de l’île. Il avait été signalé autrefois à la Trinité (MURBECK, Acta Univ. Lund 29, 1933) et récolté un peu plus récemment (1981) sous Bitalza par Deschâtres (JEANMONOD & GAMISANS, Compl. Prodr. Fl. Corse, Scrophulariaceae: 155, 1992). Cette mention confirme sa présence actuelle dans le sud de l’île. Dans la première station, les plantes avaient des fleurs à étamines toutes réniformes et à pilosité violette. Les capsules étaient nettement coniques. Elles étaient en compagnie d’ Alkanna lutea (+++) et de Vicia villosa subsp. elegantissima (++).Published as part of Jeanmonod, Daniel, 2015, Notes à la flore de Corse, XXV, pp. 109-140 in Candollea 70 (1) on page 138, DOI: 10.15553/c2015v701a10, http://zenodo.org/record/572089
Childcare, early education and social inequality : an international perspective
No full textRecognizing that social change over recent decades has strengthened the need for early childhood education and care, this book seeks to answer what role this plays in creating and compensating for social inequalities in educational attainment. Compiling 13 cross-national and multidisciplinary empirical studies on three interrelated topics, this book explores how families from different social backgrounds decide between types of childcare, how important parental care and resources at home are for children’s educational success, and the consequences of early education and care for children’s diverging educational destinies. Analysing a currently neglected area in sociological research, expert contributors employ the most recent country-specific longitudinal datasets in order to provide an up-to-date portrayal of the patterns and mechanisms of early educational inequality. With its extended analytical window ranging from short- to long-term educational outcomes, this book will undoubtedly appeal to students and scholars in the fields of childcare, education, and social inequality. It also contains important suggestions and evidence for practitioners and policymakers trying to combat inequality in educational opportunities.-- Part I: Introduction
-- Childcare, early education, and social inequality: perspectives for a cross-national and multidisciplinary study, Nevena Kulic, Jan Skopek, Moris Triventi, and Hans-Peter Blossfeld
-- Part II: Patterns of care arrangements
-- Who cares for the children? Family social position and childcare arrangements in Italy, 2002-12, Ylenia Brilli, Nevena Kulic, and Moris Triventi
-- Early education and care in Post-Soviet Russia: Social policy and inequality patterns, Yuliya Kosyakova and Gordey Yastrebov
-- Time on leave, timing of preschool – The role of socioeconomic background for preschool start in Sweden, Ida Viklund and Ann-Zofie Duvander
-- Part III: The role of family care quality
-- The emergence of social disparities – Evidence on early mother–child interaction and infant development from the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS), Sabine Weinert, Manja Attig, and Hans Günther Roßbach
-- Social inequality in cognitive outcomes in Ireland: What is the role of the home-learning environment and childcare?, Frances McGinnity, Patricia McMullin, Aisling Murray, and Helen Russell
-- Part IV: Consequences of care and preschool for early and later educational outcomes
-- Preschool and reading competencies – A cross-national analysis, Johanna Dämmrich and Gøsta Esping-Andersen
-- Long-term effects of a system of high-quality universal preschool education in the United States, W. Steven Barnett and Ellen C. Frede
-- Effectiveness of Dutch targeted preschool education policy for disadvantaged children: Evidence from the Pre-COOL study, Paul Leseman, Hanna Mulder, Josje Verhagen, Martine Broekhuizen, Saskia van Schaik, and Pauline Slot
-- What levels the playing field for socioeconomically disadvantaged children in the Norwegian ECEC model?, Henrik D. Zachrisson, Eric Dearing, Sigrid Blömeke, and Thomas Moser
-- Early childcare, child cognitive outcomes, and inequalities in the United Kingdom, Daniela Del Boca, Daniela Piazzalunga, and Chiara Pronzato
-- Entry to formal childcare and abilities of preschoolers: A comparison of East and West Germany, Jan Skopek
-- Childcare arrangements at preschool age and later child outcomes in Denmark: The role of maternal education and type of care, Susanne Wahler, Sandra Buchholz, and Asta Breinholt
-- Home sweet home? Long-term educational outcomes of childcare arrangements in Finland, Aleksi Karhula, Jani Erola, and Elina Kilpi-Jakonen
-- Part V: Discussion and conclusions
-- Childcare, early education and compensation of educational (dis)advantage – Evidence from a multidisciplinary and international project, Jan Skopek, Nevena Kulic, Moris Triventi, and Hans-Peter Blossfel
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