17 research outputs found
Verdaderos entretenimientos
No full textLa "Oración funebre" está "traducida del frances al castellano por Don Iuan Baptista Enriquez ...", p. 229La mencion de ed. precede a mención de responsabilidadSign.: [a]-c\p4\s, d\p6\s, A-Z\p4\s, 2A-2Z\p4\s, 3A\p4\sAntepTexto a dos co
Role of seed environment and covering structures on large crabgrass germination
No full textThe success of large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) growing among summer crops in Argentina, may be partly explained by its escape from weed controls related to the emergence of different seedlings cohorts determined by seed dormancy and germination requirements. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the effect of temperature, red (R):far-red (FR) ratio and the possible role of the caryopses covering structures on the release of seed dormancy in D. sanguinalis. Therefore, the effects of moist pre-treatment duration, light and temperature, as well as the caryopsis covering structures, and imbibition with H2O2 and the extract of caryopses covers on seed germination, were investigated. Moist pre-treatment at 5 and 20 °C promoted dormancy release and fluctuating temperatures between 20/30 °C and light promoted germination. However, exposure to 30 min of light with a high R:FR ratio reduced germination. Removing or puncturing some of the caryopsis covering structures, as well as imbibition with 2.6 M H2O2 enhanced seed germination. Results suggest that the extended seedling emergence throughout the season could be due to the influence of the environmental factors studied here on dormancy release and germination, and that seed covering structures have an important role in seed dormancy imposition for this species.Fil: Oreja, Fernando Hugo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: de la Fuente, Elba Beatriz. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Batlla, Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Vegetal. Cátedra de Producción Vegetal; Argentin
seed dormancy release and seedling emergence are affected by crop canopy and stubble
No full textDigitaria sanguinalis is a troublesome annual weed that causes important yield losses in different crops. Despite this, there is scarce information about different aspects of its biology under field conditions. New knowledge about the establishment process of this species will be of paramount importance in order to maximise the effectiveness of weed management. The aims of this paper were to evaluate the effect of stubble found on the surface on seed dormancy levels through the season, the effects of stubble and soyabean crop canopy on seedling emergence and to determine the field emergence pattern as a consequence of seed dormancy level at dispersal time. Seeds on the soil surface, which showed a high dormancy level at the beginning of autumn, were released from dormancy by low winter temperatures and germinated during spring as temperatures rose, showing a transient surface seedbank. Seeds covered by stubbles had delayed the emergence in the field due to lower alternating temperatures perceived by the surface seedbank. On the other hand, the presence of a soyabean crop and stubble together reduced the number of seedlings. Seeds with a high dormancy level at dispersal time showed a delayed emergence in the next season when compared with seeds with a lower dormancy level. However, the final number of seedlings was similar. Both stubble on surface and crop canopy are useful factors to lessen and delay the seedling emergence allowing the design of weed management strategies in order to diminish the population levels of this species.Fil: Oreja, Fernando Hugo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; ArgentinaFil: Batlla, Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; ArgentinaFil: de la Fuente, Elba Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; Argentin
Thermal requirements and germination niche breadth of Polygonum ferrugineum Wedd. from southeastern Brazil
No full textTemperature may regulate seed dormancy and germination and determine the geographical distribution of species. The present study investigated the thermal limits for seed germination of Polygonum ferrugineum (Polygonaceae), an aquatic emergent herb distributed throughout tropical and subtropical America. Seed germination responses to light and temperature were evaluated both before (control) and after stratification at 10, 15 and 20°C for 7, 14 and 28 d. Germination of control seeds was ~50% at 10 and 15°C, and they did not germinate from 20 to 30°C. The best stratification treatment was 7 d at 10°C, where seed germination was >76% in the dark for all temperatures, except at 30°C, and < 60% in light conditions. A thermal time approach was applied to the seed germination results. Base temperature (Tb) was 6.3°C for non-dormant seeds and optimal temperature (To) was 20.6°C, ceiling temperature (Tc (<50)) was 32.8°C, and thermal time requirement for 50% germination was 44.4°Cd. We concluded that a fraction of P. ferrugineum seeds is dormant, has a narrow thermal niche to germinate (10 and 15°C) and that cold stratification (10°C) alleviated dormancy and amplified the thermal range permissive for germination of the species. Consequently, P. ferrugineum is expected to occur in colder environments, for example, at high altitudes. Higher temperatures decrease the probabilities of alleviate dormancy and the ability of their seeds to germinate.Fil: Marques, Andréa R.. Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais; BrasilFil: Gonçalves, Ana Letícia B. R.. Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais; BrasilFil: Santos, Fábio S.. Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais; BrasilFil: Batlla, Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; ArgentinaFil: Benech-Arnold, Roberto Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; ArgentinaFil: Garcia, Queila S.. Universidade Federal Do Minas Gerais. Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas. Departamento de Botánica; Brasi
Factores ambientales pre - dispersión y post - dispersión de semillas que modulan la germinación y emergencia de Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. en el cultivo de soja
No full textEl éxito de Digitaria sanguinalis en los cultivos estivales de la Argentina se debe en gran medida al establecimiento de varias cohortes a lo largo del ciclo del cultivo, lo que le permite escapar a los controles químicos. El establecimiento de las plántulas depende de factores ambientales pre-dispersión (competitivos y no competitivos), a través de los efectos maternos, y post-dispersión (no competitivos). A su vez, los efectos predispersión competitivos también afectan la fecundidad de las plantas. Por lo tanto, comprender los efectos de las interacciones dentro del sistema cultivo-maleza sería de utilidad para diseñar estrategias de manejo más efectivas de la maleza. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo general i) determinar los efectos pre-dispersión que genera el cultivo de soja sobre el crecimiento, la estructura, la fecundidad y la dormición de semillas de biotipos locales de D. sanguinalis, y ii) los efectos post-dispersión que genera el ambiente en el que se encuentran las semillas condicionando el establecimiento de las plántulas en la campaña siguiente. Para cumplir con estos objetivos se realizaron experimentos i) en cámara evaluando los efectos de la temperatura, luz y humedad y el rol de las cubiertas en la imposición de la dormición, ii) en parcelas a campo combinando la presencia del cultivo con distintas distancias entre surcos, los grupos de madurez y los "gaps", iii) en macetas a campo evaluando los efectos del sombreo, la fertilidad edáfica y la luz roja y azul y iv) en parcelas a campo combinando la cobertura del suelo (rastrojo), el tiempo de permanencia de las semillas en el suelo, la presencia del cultivo de soja y el nivel de dormición de las semillas al momento de su dispersión. Temperaturas frescas (5ºC a 20ºC) y humedad, seguidas de temperaturas alternadas (20/30ºC) con luz fueron las mejores condiciones para la salida y la terminación de la dormición de las semillas, respectivamente. Dicha dormición está determinada por las cubiertas de las semillas, principalmente por la lemma y, aparentemente por el efecto de inhibidores presentes en ella. El cultivo de soja modificó el ambiente en el que crecen las plantas de la maleza al alterar la radiación incidente, la relación R-RL, la temperatura y la humedad relativa reduciendo la biomasa, la altura, el número de vástagos, la fecundidad de las plantas y el nivel de dormición de las semillas de D. sanguinalis. El nivel de dormición fue afectado por la temperatura máxima, la alternancia de temperatura y la radiación incidente en estadios reproductivos de la maleza, en cambio la fertilidad edáfica, la luz azul y rojo lejano no tuvieron ningún efecto. Por otra parte, el rastrojo de soja o de maíz, no modificó la salida de la dormición pero retrasó la terminación de la misma por la disminución en la alternancia de las temperaturas, retrasando la germinación y la emergencia de la maleza en la campaña siguiente. Semillas con distinto nivel de dormición en el momento de dispersión, tuvieron distintos valores de emergencia en la campaña siguiente cuando la temperatura no fue lo suficientemente baja como para reducir los niveles de dormición de toda la población. La presencia de un cultivo de soja junto con la presencia de rastrojo de soja o maíz, redujeron la emergencia de las plántulas a campo debido, en parte, al efecto de la menor alternancia de temperaturas. Los resultados de esta tesis permiten determinar cómo la estructura del cultivo de soja modifica el establecimiento de plántulas de D. sanguinalis en la campaña siguiente, a través de su efecto sobre el ambiente pre y postdispersión, afectando la salida y la terminación de la dormición y por lo tanto la emergencia de la maleza
Role of relative humidity, temperature, and water status in dormancy alleviation of sunflower seeds during dry after-ripening
No full textThe effect of various combinations of temperature and relative humidity on dormancy alleviation of sunflower seeds during dry after-ripening was investigated. The rate of dormancy alleviation depended on both temperature and embryo moisture content (MC). Below an embryo MC of 0.1 g H2O g(-1) dw, dormancy release was faster at 15 degrees C than at higher temperatures. This suggests that dormancy release at low MC was associated with negative activation energy, supported by Arrhenius plots, and low Q(10) values. At higher MC, the rate of dormancy alleviation increased with temperature, correlating well with the temperature dependence of biochemical processes. These findings suggests the involvement of two distinct cellular mechanisms in dormancy release; non-enzymatic below 0.1 g H2O g(-1) dw and associated with active metabolism above this value. The effects of temperature on seed dormancy release above the threshold MC were analysed using a population-based thermal time approach and a model predicting the rate of dormancy alleviation is provided. Sunflower embryo dormancy release was effective at temperatures above 8 degrees C (the base temperature for after-ripening, Tb-AR, was 8.17 degrees C), and the higher the after-ripening temperature above this threshold value, the higher was the rate of dormancy loss. Thermodynamic analyses of water sorption isotherms revealed that dormancy release was associated with less bound water and increased molecular mobility within the embryonic axes but not the cotyledons. It is proposed that the changes in water binding properties result from oxidative processes and can, in turn, allow metabolic activities
A quantitative analysis of temperature-dependent dormancy changes in Polygonum aviculare seeds
No full textMathematical models that predict emergence of weed seedbanks could be useful tools for determining the most suitable time for weed seedling control and, consequently, should result in a higher efficacy of applied control methods. To achieve this goal in dormant weed species, functional relationships should be established between environmental factors regulating dormancy and dormancy changes of seed populations. In the present work, we used a simple model and an optimisation procedure to quantify the effect of temperature on Polygonum aviculare seed dormancy release and induction, based on germination data. Dormancy release rate was inversely related to temperature, showing a decreasing logistic trend that results in no dormancy release for seeds exposed to 20 and 25 degrees C. In contrast, dormancy induction rates in absolute values were positively associated with temperature, showing a logistic trend in which dormancy induction was almost zero at low temperatures and maximal at 25 degrees C. Derived model parameters were used to simulate dormancy changes of P. aviculare seeds stored under controlled and field conditions. These results suggest that similar model structures could be used to quantify temperature effects on seed dormancy status of other weed species and to develop predictive models of weed emergence
Seed dormancy responses to temperature relate to Nothofagus species distribution and determine temporal patterns of germination across altitudes in Patagonia
No full text507-520. Seeds integrate environmental cues that modulate their dormancy and germination. Although many mechanisms have been identified in laboratory experiments, their contribution to germination dynamics in existing communities and their involvement in defining species habitats remain elusive. . By coupling mathematical models with ecological data we investigated the contribution of seed temperature responses to the dynamics of germination of three Nothofagus species that are sharply distributed across different altitudes in the Patagonian Andes. . Seed responsiveness to temperature of the three Nothofagus species was linked to the thermal characteristics of their preferred ecological niche. In their natural distribution range, there was overlap in the timing of germination of the species, which was restricted to mid - spring. By contrast, outside their species distribution range, germination was temporally uncoupled with altitude. This phenomenon was described mathematically by the interplay between interspecific differences in seed population thermal parameters and the range in soil thermic environments across different altitudes. . The observed interspecific variations in seed responsiveness to temperature and its environmental regulation, constitute a major determinant of the dynamics of Nothofagus germination across elevations. This phenomenon likely contributes to the maintenance of patterns of species abundance across altitude by placing germinated seeds in a favorable environment for plant growth
Seed composition in oilcrops: its impact on field seed performance
No full textThe amount and composition of lipids stored in seeds of oil crops are the main determinants of their industrial yield and quality. Breeders have attempted to increase seed oil concentration to obtain higher industrial yields, and to modify seed oil fatty acid composition according to industrial demands. Nevertheless, both traits can also be modified by environmental conditions prevailing during seed filling in the mother plant. Several environmental factors have been found to affect the final seed oil concentration and the fatty acid composition as well. Moreover, predictions related to the effect of climate change on oil quality have been reported considering those environmental factors on seed reserves synthesis.
However, seeds are not only the harvest organ for industrial use but also are the perpetuation organ of the species. It is known that germination performance is affected by external factors (i.e., the environment) but also by intrinsic seed factors. Therefore, it is necessary to understand how variations in seed oil concentration and fatty acid composition may in turn affect germination.
There is scarce information regarding these effects, but nevertheless its impact can be significant for the crop establishment.
In this chapter we describe the variability in seed oil concentration and lipid fatty acid composition among species and within species. The effects of both genetics and the environmental conditions prevailing during the seed filling in the mother plants are considered. Then, available information concerned the effects of seed oil concentration and lipid composition on germination performance is reviewe
Temperature, light and nitrate sensing coordinate Arabidopsis seed dormancy cycling resulting in winter and summer annual phenotypes
No full textSeeds use environmental cues to sense the seasons and their surroundings to initiate the plants life cycle. Dormancy cycling underlying this process is extensively described, but the molecular mechanism is largely unknown. To address this we selected a range of representative genes from published array experiments in the laboratory and investigated their expression patterns in seeds of Arabidopsis ecotypes, having contrasting life cycles, over an annual dormancy cycle in the field. We show how mechanisms identified in the laboratory are coordinated in response to the soil environment to determine dormancy cycles that result in winter and summer annual phenotypes. Our results are consistent with a seed specific response to seasonal temperature patterns (temporal sensing) involving the gene DELAY OF GERMINATION1 (DOG1) that indicates the correct season; and concurrent temporally driven co-opted mechanisms that sense spatial signals i.e. nitrate via CBL-INTERACTING PROTEIN KINASE 23 (CIPK23) phosphorylation of the NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1 (NRT1.1) and light via PHYTOCHROME A (PHYA). In both ecotypes studied, when all three genes have low expression there is enhanced GIBBERELLIN 3 BETA-HYDROXYLASE 1 (GA3ox1) expression, exhumed seeds have the potential to germinate in the laboratory, and the initiation of seedling emergence occurs following soil disturbance (exposure to light) in the field. Unlike DOG1, expression of MOTHER of FLOWERING TIME (MFT) has an opposite thermal response in seeds of the two ecotypes indicating a role in determining their different dormancy cycling phenotypes
