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L'effetto dell'allenamento Polarizzato (POL) e dell'High Intensity Interval training su composizione corporea, capacità fisiche aerobiche e ossidazione dei grassi in individui con obesità.
No full textL'allenamento ad intervalli ad alta intensità (HIIT) e l'allenamento continuo ad intensità moderata (MICT) sono le forme di esercizio più utilizzate per migliorare la composizione corporea e le capacità fisiche in individui con obesità sia adulti che adolescenti. Tuttavia, una combinazione settimanale di MICT ad alto volume (70-80% del lavoro) con HIIT a basso volume (20-30% del lavoro) sembra portare a importanti miglioramenti nella composizione corporea e nelle capacità fisiche sia in atleti di resistenza che in persone con obesità, rispetto al solo HIIT o MICT. Per questo motivo, l’obiettivo del primo capitolo della tesi è stato quello di confrontare gli effetti di un periodo di 12 settimane di allenamento combinato (COMB) (MICT + HIIT) con HIIT sulla composizione corporea, le capacità fisiche e l’ossidazione dei grassi in adulti maschi con obesità. Nel primo studio hanno preso parte trentaquattro adulti maschi con obesità. L'allenamento COMB consisteva in 3 ripetizioni di 2 minuti al 95% del consumo di ossigeno di picco (VO2peak) (20% HIIT), seguite da 30 minuti al 60% del VO2peak (80% MICT). Il gruppo HIIT ha eseguito 5-7 ripetizioni di 2 minuti al 95% VO2peak. Le misure sono state eseguite al basale (PRE) e alla fine delle 12 settimane (POST). Nel POST, il peso (BM) e la massa grassa (FM) sono diminuite ugualmente in entrambi i gruppi (P < 0.05)Il VO2peak è aumentato in entrambi i gruppi del 16% (P < 0,05). La massima ossidazione lipidica (MFO) è aumentata in modo simile in entrambi i gruppi di 0.04 g min-1 (P < 0.05). Pertanto, l'allenamento COMB sembra essere una valida alternativa all'HIIT in adulti maschi con obesità. Nel secondo capitolo abbiamo studiato i cambiamenti nella composizione corporea e nelle capacità fisiche indotte da 24 settimane di allenamento con distribuzione polarizzata (POL) o in soglia (THR) applicate in adulti maschi con obesità. Venti pazienti maschi hanno partecipato a questo studio. Il gruppo POL ha eseguito più allenamenti settimanali al di sotto prima soglia ventilatoria (GET) (90%), mentre il gruppo THR ha eseguito più allenamenti settimanali di intensità medio-alta (cioè 30% > GET). Dopo 24 settimane, la BM e la FM sono diminuite ugualmente in entrambi i gruppi. Le capacità fisiche sono aumentate in modo simile in entrambi i gruppi (P<0.05). Pertanto, l'allenamento individualizzato con un approccio POL o THR si è dimostrato ugualmente efficace in adulti con obesità. Infine, nel terzo capitolo abbiamo esaminato gli effetti dell’allenamento COMB rispetto al MICT, durante 3 settimane di riduzione ponderale in ospedale (BWRP) su composizione corporea, capacità fisiche e ossidazione dei substrati in adolescenti con obesità. Ventuno adolescenti maschi con obesità hanno partecipato a questo studio. Il gruppo COMB ha completato 3 step di 2 minuti al 95% del V'O2peak (HIIT ≤ 20%), seguito da 30 minuti al 60% del V'O2 peak (MICT ≥ 80%). Nel POST, la riduzione della BM è stata maggiore nel gruppo MICT rispetto al gruppo COMB (-8 kg e -5kg, P < 0.05), mentre la FM è dimunita allo stesso modo in entrambi i gruppi (P<0.05). La massa magra (FFM) è stata mantenuta solo nel gruppo COMB. Il V'O2peak è aumentato solo nel gruppo COMB di 0.28 L min-1 (P < 0.05). La MFO è aumentata solo nel gruppo COMB di 0.04 g min-1 (P < 0.05). Pertanto, l'allenamento COMB si è dimostrata una valida alternativa al MICT in adolescenti con obesità.High intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) are the most utilized physical exercise for improving body composition and aerobic physical capacities in adults and adolescent with obesity. However, a weekly combination of a high volume of MICT (i.e., 70-80%) with a low volume of HIIT (i.e., 20-30%) leads to important improvements in body composition and physical capacities in both endurance athletes and people with obesity. For this reason, the first aim of the thesis was to compare a 12-week period of combined training (COMB) (i.e., MICT + HIIT) with HIIT on body composition, physical capacities and fat oxidation rate in male adults with obesity. Thirty-four obese male adults participated in this study. COMB training consisted of 3 repetitions of 2 minutes at 95% of peak oxygen uptake (V’O2 peak) (e.g., HIIT 20%), followed by 30 minutes at 60% of VO2 peak (e.g., MICT 80%). The HIIT group performed 5-7 repetitions of 2 minutes at 95% of VO2 peak. Teast were carried out at baseline (PRE) and at the end of 12-week (POST). At POST, body mass (BM) and fat mass (FM) decreased equally in both groups (P < 0.05). V’O2 peak increased in both groups by 16% (P < 0.05). The maximal fat oxidation (MFO) rate increased similarly in both groups by 0.04 g min-1 (P < 0.05). Thus, COMB training appears to be a valid alternative to HIIT in male adults with obesity. The aim of the second chapter was to investigate changes in body composition and physical capacities induced by a 24-week polarized POL or threshold (THR) training intensity distribution (TID) in male adults with obesity. Twenty male patients participated in this study. The POL group performed more weekly training below the gas exchange threshold GET (i.e. 90%), while the THR group performed more weekly training of medium to high intensity (i.e., 30% > GET). After 24-week, BM and fat mass FM decreased similarly in both groups. Physical capacitues (V′O2max and ventilatory thresholds) increased similarly in both groups (P<0.05). Thus, individualized training with a POL and THR approach were equally effective in adults with obesity. Finally the aims of the third chapter was to examine the effects of COMB compared to MICT during a 3‐week in‐hospital body weight reduction program (BWRP) on body composition, physical capacities, and substrate oxidation in adolescents with obesity. Twenty‐one male adolescents with obesity participated in this trial. The COMB group completed 3 repetitions of 2 minutes at 95% of V′O2peak (e.g. HIIT ≤ 20%), followed by 30 minutes at 60% of V′O2 (e.g. MICT ≥ 80%). At POST, BM reduction was significantly greater in the MICT group than in the COMB group (i.e., -8 and -5 kg, respectively, P < 0.05), while FM decreased similarly in both groups (P < 0.05). Only in the COMB group fat-free mass (FFM) was maintained. The V′O2peak increased only in the COMB group by 0.28 L min−1 (P < 0.05). The MFO increased only in the COMB group by 0.04 g min−1 (P < 0.05). Thus, COMB training is a viable alternative to MICT in adolescents with obesity
Effects of Bilateral or Unilateral Plyometric Training of Lower Limbs on the Bilateral Deficit During Explosive Efforts
No full textObjectives: Bilateral Deficit (BLD) occurs when the force generated by both limbs together is smaller than the sum of the forces developed separately by the two limbs. BLD may be modulated by physical training. Here, were investigated the effects of unilateral or bilateral plyometric training on BLD and neuromuscular activation during lower limb explosive extensions. Methods: Fourteen young males were randomized into the unilateral (UL_) or bilateral (BL_) training group. Plyometric training (20 sessions, 2 days/week) was performed on a sled ergometer, and consisted of UL or BL consecutive, plyometric lower limb extensions (3-to-5 sets; 8-to-10 repetitions). Before and after training, maximal explosive efforts with both lower limbs or with each limb separately were assessed. Electromyography of representative lower limb muscles was measured. Results: BL_training significantly and largely decreased BLD (p=0.003, effect size=1.63). This was accompanied by the reversion from deficit to facilitation of the electromyography amplitude of knee extensors during bilateral efforts (p=0.007). Conversely, UL_training had negligible effects on BLD (p=0.781). Also, both groups showed similar improvements in their maximal explosive power generated after training. Conclusions: Bilateral plyometric training can mitigate BLD, and should be considered for training protocols focused on improving bilateral lower limb motor performance
Effects of Bilateral or Unilateral Plyometric Training of Lower Limbs on the Bilateral Deficit During Explosive Efforts
No full textObjectives: Bilateral Deficit (BLD) occurs when the force generated by both limbs together is smaller than the sum of the forces developed separately by the two limbs. BLD may be modulated by physical training. Here, were investigated the effects of unilateral or bilateral plyometric training on BLD and neuromuscular activation during lower limb explosive extensions. Methods: Fourteen young males were randomized into the unilateral (UL_) or bilateral (BL_) training group. Plyometric training (20 sessions, 2 days/week) was performed on a sled ergometer, and consisted of UL or BL consecutive, plyometric lower limb extensions (3-to-5 sets; 8-to-10 repetitions). Before and after training, maximal explosive efforts with both lower limbs or with each limb separately were assessed. Electromyography of representative lower limb muscles was measured. Results: BL_training significantly and largely decreased BLD (p=0.003, effect size=1.63). This was accompanied by the reversion from deficit to facilitation of the electromyography amplitude of knee extensors during bilateral efforts (p=0.007). Conversely, UL_training had negligible effects on BLD (p=0.781). Also, both groups showed similar improvements in their maximal explosive power generated after training. Conclusions: Bilateral plyometric training can mitigate BLD, and should be considered for training protocols focused on improving bilateral lower limb motor performance
Effects of Bilateral or Unilateral Plyometric Training of Lower Limbs on the Bilateral Deficit During Explosive Efforts
Full text linkObjectives: Bilateral Deficit (BLD) occurs when the force generated by both limbs together is smaller than the sum of the forces developed separately by the two limbs. BLD may be modulated by physical training. Here, were investigated the effects of unilateral or bilateral plyometric training on BLD and neuromuscular activation during lower limb explosive extensions. Methods: Fourteen young males were randomized into the unilateral (UL_) or bilateral (BL_) training group. Plyometric training (20 sessions, 2 days/week) was performed on a sled ergometer, and consisted of UL or BL consecutive, plyometric lower limb extensions (3-to-5 sets; 8-to-10 repetitions). Before and after training, maximal explosive efforts with both lower limbs or with each limb separately were assessed. Electromyography of representative lower limb muscles was measured. Results: BL_training significantly and largely decreased BLD (p=0.003, effect size=1.63). This was accompanied by the reversion from deficit to facilitation of the electromyography amplitude of knee extensors during bilateral efforts (p=0.007). Conversely, UL_training had negligible effects on BLD (p=0.781). Also, both groups showed similar improvements in their maximal explosive power generated after training. Conclusions: Bilateral plyometric training can mitigate BLD, and should be considered for training protocols focused on improving bilateral lower limb motor performance
Effects of Neuromuscular Priming with Spinal Cord Transcutaneous Stimulation on Lower Limb Motor Performance in Humans: A Randomized Crossover Sham-Controlled Trial
Full text linkBackground: Lower limb motor output contributes to determining functional performance in many motor tasks. This study investigated the effects of non-invasive spinal cord transcutaneous stimulation (scTS) applied during an exercise-based priming protocol on lower limb muscle force and power generation. Methods: Twelve young, physically active male volunteers (age: 22.7 ± 2.1 years) participated in this randomized crossover, sham-controlled study. The maximal voluntary contraction and low-level torque steadiness of knee extensors, as well as the maximal explosive extension of lower limbs, were assessed before and after the priming protocol with scTS or sham stimulation over a total of four experimental sessions. Further, characteristics of evoked potentials to scTS related to spinal circuitry excitability were assessed in the supine position before and after the scTS priming protocol. The exercise component of the ~25 min priming protocol consisted of low-volume, low- and high-intensity lower limb motor tasks. Results: scTS priming protocol tended to increase or maintain maximum isometric torque during knee extension (4.7%) as well as peak force (0.2%) and rate of force development (6.0%) during explosive lower limb extensions, whereas sham priming protocol tended to decrease them (-4.3%, -3.3%, and -15.1%, respectively). This resulted in significant interactions (p = 0.001 to 0.018) and medium-large differences between scTS and sham protocols. These findings were associated with meaningful trends of some neurophysiological variables. Conversely, priming protocols did not affect low-level torque steadiness. Conclusions: scTS counteracted the unexpected fatigue induced by the exercise-based priming protocol, supporting lower limb performance during maximal efforts. Future studies are warranted to assess the implementation of scTS with optimized exercise-based priming protocols during training and rehabilitation programmes that include high-intensity neuromuscular efforts
Spinal Cord Transcutaneous Stimulation Priming Largely Enhances Lower Limb Performance during a Simulated Power Training Session in Young Active Males
Full text linkPurpose: To investigate the potential efficacy of spinal cord transcutaneous stimulation (scTS) priming to enhance lower limb neuromuscular performance during a subsequent power training session. Methods: Eleven young active males (age: 21.3±1.6 years) participated in this randomized crossover, sham-controlled study. The priming protocol consisted of the application of scTS or sham stimulation (Sham) at rest and during warm-up for approximately 25 minutes. Force, velocity and power as well as electromyography (EMG) of lower limbs generated during unilateral half-squats on a Smith machine were assessed over two separate experimental sessions (scTS or Sham) for: (i) four power training sets, each including six unilateral repetitions with (ii) the last (fourth) set continuing to failure. Results: Peak and mean power generated during the four power training sets preceded by scTS priming were significantly higher (11%, p<0.001 and 14%, p=0.008, respectively) than those generated in the Sham session. Similar trends were also shown by velocity, force and total impulse of force. Exploratory EMG analysis revealed that scTS priming favoured an overall improved activation of the vastus lateralis during the concentric phase. Higher peak and mean power outputs (13%, p=0.006, and 24%, p=0.014, respectively), associated with higher EMG amplitude of vastus lateralis, were promoted by scTS priming also for the last set to failure, which resulted in a similar number of repetitions between the scTS (32±17) and Sham priming (32±19) sessions. Conclusions: scTS priming enhanced neuromuscular outcomes during a simulated lower limb power training session. Further studies should implement scTS priming throughout a longitudinal power training intervention and assess its potential to enhance training-induced neuromuscular adaptations
Effects of a 3-Week Inpatient Multidisciplinary Body Weight Reduction Program on Body Composition and Physical Capabilities in Adolescents and Adults With Obesity
Full text link<p>Background: The aim of the present study was to examine the short-term changes in body composition and physical capabilities in subjects with obesity during a multidisciplinary inpatient body weight reduction program (BWRP).<br>
Methods: One hundred thirty-nine adolescents (56 boys and 83 girls; BMI: 37.1 +/- 6.5 kg/m2; Fat Mass, FM: 45.3 +/- 7.2%) and 71 adults (27 males and 44 females; BMI: 44 +/- 4.7 kg/m2; FM: 51.4 +/- 4.7%) followed a 3-week inpatient BWRP consisting of regular physical activity, moderate energy restriction, nutritional education and psychological counseling. Before (T0) and after the end of the BWRP (T21), body composition was assessed with an impedancemeter, lower limb muscle power with Margaria Stair Climbing Test (SCT), lower limb functionality with Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), and the capacity of performing activity of daily living (ADL) with Physical Performance Test (PPT).<br>
Results: At T21, obese adolescents showed a 4% reduction in body mass (BM) (p < 0.001), associated with a FM reduction in boys (-10%) and girls (-6%) (p < 0.001) and with a 3% reduction in fat-free mass (FFM) recorded only in boys (p = 0.013). Obese adults showed a 5% BM reduction (p < 0.001), associated with a 2% FFM and 9% FM reduction (p < 0.001) in males, and 7% FM reduction in females (p < 0.001).<br>
Regarding physical capabilities, at T21 in obese adolescents, PPT score increased by 4% (p < 0.001), SCT decreased by -5% (boys) and -7% (girls) (p < 0.001), while SPPB score did not change significantly. In obese adults at T21, PPT score increased by 9% (p < 0.001), SCT decreased by -16% (p < 0.001) only in females, and SPPB score increased by 7% (males) and 10% (females) (p < 0.01). In conclusion, moderate energy restriction and regular physical activity determine a 4-5% BM reduction during a 3-week inpatient BWRP, improve physical capabilities and induce beneficial changes in body composition in adolescents and<br>
adults with obesity.</p>
The experience of the Profitness project in promoting personalized physical activity among healthcare workers with chronic disease
No full textBackground and objective. The importance of physical activity (PA) in promoting health is widely recognized, as it has been shown to improve people’s well-being and health. The Profitness project was created to support the safe and tailored implementation of PA for chronic disease.
Methods/intervention. Since 2018, a multidisciplinary team of cardiologists, sports physicians, nurses, physical trainers, and dietitians have been conducting individualized PA programs at the "Experimental Center for Promotion, Prescription and Administration of personalized physical exercise" in Gemona, Italy. Subjects are recruited by general practitioners or occupational health physicians if certain chronic diseases are present. At the beginning of the program, subjects undergo physical testing to assess their functional abilities. An individualized exercise program is then performed both under supervision and at home. During the training, heart rate and subjective exertion perception are monitored. Response to home training and abnormal symptoms are tracked and reported to the team.
Results. Twelve healthcare workers (8:M and 4:F, mean age 57±6 years) benefited from the programs. They completed 2 training sessions per week: one at the center and one at home, for a total of 27±17 training weeks, with a participation rate of 76±9% of training sessions. At the end of the program, V′O2 max and FCmax increased, from 2301±627 to 2365±501 ml/min and from 150±14 to 156±12 bpm, respectively; hand strength increased by an average of 5±1 N (p<0.05).
Conclusions/lessons learned. These are the first results of an innovative experience with a personalized and supervised training program designed for people who need support in introducing physical activity into their lifestyle. Partnering with the occupational health physicians can help engage healthcare workers in a virtuous cycle aimed at improving their health outcomes
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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