1,720,987 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Immunothérapie antitumorale : étude de l'efficacité et de l'innocuité d'un vaccin à base de mélanine
No full textLes vaccins thérapeutiques représentent une stratégie thérapeutique prometteuse contre le cancer. Les vaccins peptidiques sont en particulier intéressants en raison de leur facilité de production. De plus, les récents progrès en matière de séquençage et analyse bio-informatique fournissent un nombre toujours croissant d'épitopes spécifiquement associés aux tumeurs (néoantigènes). Divers modèles précliniques ont montré des résultats encourageants, mais l'efficacité des vaccins peptidiques lors des essais cliniques sont restés jusqu'à présent décevants. En effet, les vaccins dirigés contre les cancers doivent surmonter des obstacles essentiels pour obtenir un bénéfice clinique, parmi lesquels les plus importants sont : (i) la faible immunogenicité des antigènes tumoraux, (ii) la petite quantité d'antigènes qui arrive aux tissus lymphoïdes secondaires, (iii) la nature immunosuppressive du microenvironnement tumoral, (iv) le phénomène dit d'immunoediting, dans lequel la tumeur perd l'expression de l'antigène. Dans ce contexte, l'optimisation de la formulation vaccinale augmente les chances d'efficacité anti-tumorale. Notre laboratoire a développé une nouvelle stratégie vaccinale à base de mélanine synthétique (à partir de L-DOPA) et CpG oligodeoxynucleotide comme adjuvant. Le but général de ce projet de thèse est d'apporter des données supplémentaires concernant l'efficacité et les mécanismes de cette approche, avec deux objectifs spécifiques : (i) comparer l'efficacité de la formulation vaccinale à base de mélanine et CpG avec celle de la formulation classique à base d'IFA (incomplete Freund's adjuvant) et CpG ; (ii) éclaircir les mécanismes d'action de ce vaccin. Le premier article rapporte les études d'efficacité du vaccin à base de mélanine dans deux modèles tumoraux : E.G7-OVA (lignée cellulaire E.G7 transfectée avec ovalbumine) et MC38 qui exprime spontanément le neoantigène mAdpgk. Le vaccin à base de mélanine s'est révélé efficace pour stimuler une forte réponse cytotoxique contre ces deux antigènes, de façon significativement plus élevée qu'avec le vaccin à base d'IFA et CpG. Dans le modèle thérapeutique de E.G7-OVA, le vaccin à base de mélanine a montré un effet anti-tumoral significatif, contrairement au vaccin à base d'IFA et CpG. En revanche, nous n'avons pas observé d'effet anti-tumoral dans le modèle MC38, malgré une forte réponse CD8+ spécifique périphérique. Cet échec était lié à une faible présentation de l'antigène par les cellules cancéreuse, une cause très commune de résistance observée dans les essais cliniques par immunothérapie. Le second papier inclut les études explorant les mécanismes d'action de la mélanine synthétique. Globalement, la mélanine semble agir comme transporteur pour les peptides, leur permettant d'arriver efficacement au ganglion drainant la zone d'injection et d'y rester jusqu'à 3 semaines après l'immunisation. Aucun effet immunostimulant direct de la mélanine synthétique n'a été observé sur les principales cellules présentatrices d'antigène in vitro (cellules dendritiques et macrophages murins dérivés de la moelle osseuse). En conclusion, le vaccin à base de mélanine synthétique et CpG est une stratégie efficace pour déclencher une réponse CD8+ contre des peptides longs comme courts dans un contexte tumoral et son efficacité s'est révélée supérieure à la formulation IFA et CpG. Cet effet est principalement dû à une activité de carrier de la mélanine synthétique qui permet aux peptides d'atteindre efficacement les ganglions lymphatiques et y rester jusqu'à 3 semaines après l'injection. L'absence d'effet immunostimulant direct de la mélanine synthétique souligne le besoin d'inclure un adjuvant immunostimulant (comme les CpG) dans la formulation vaccinale.Therapeutic cancer vaccines represent an attractive strategy to trigger immune response against cancer cells. Peptide cancer vaccine have especially attracted attention given their low cost and easy manufacturing. In addition, the recent advances in sequencing and bioinformatic analysis are providing an increasing number of tumor-specific epitopes. However, despite the encouraging results in preclinical models, subunit vaccines with conventional adjuvants have not yet reached significant clinical efficacy. Cancer vaccines are indeed facing several substantial obstacles, including (i) the poor immunogenicity of tumor antigens, (ii) the low amount of antigens that reaches the secondary lymphoid tissues, (iii) the suppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment and the general impairment of the immune system in cancer patients, and (iv) the immunoediting that often leads to tumor escape by loss of antigen expression on cancer cells. In this framework, the optimization of vaccine formulation is crucial to obtain an effective anti-tumor response, and the combination of an immunostimulatory agent and a delivery system to improve the target of APCs (antigen-presenting cells) is an interesting strategy, especially for peptide vaccines. Our laboratory developed a novel strategy of peptide cancer vaccine that uses a synthetic melanin (from L-DOPA) and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide as adjuvants. The general purpose of my thesis has been to provide some additional data about this vaccine approach, with two specific objectives: (i) to compare the efficacy of the melanin-based vaccine with classic vaccine formulations in tumor mouse models and (ii) to elucidate the immune mechanisms of this vaccine. The first article explored the efficacy of L-DOPA melanin-based (peptide-melanin + CpG) in two tumor models: E.G7-OVA (E.G7 cell line transfected with ovalbumin) and MC38 that spontaneously express the neoantigen mAdpgk. The L-DOPA melanin-based vaccine has shown a stronger CTL response against both antigens compared with the classic IFA-based formulation. In a therapeutic setting, only L-DOPA melanin-based vaccine proved an anti-tumor efficacy in E.G7-OVA model. In the MC38 model, the vaccine did not significantly inhibit the tumor growth, despite a strong peripheral CTL response, likely because of a poor presentation of mAdpgk epitope by cancer cells, which is a common issue to face with in clinics. The second paper investigated the mechanisms of action of L-DOPA melanin within the peptide vaccine formulation. We showed that L-DOPA melanin efficiently reach the draining lymph node and probably to remain up to 3 weeks, making it likely that melanin acts as carrier for antigen. No direct immunostimulatory effect of L-DOPA melanin was observed upon the main antigen-presenting cells in vitro: murine bone marrow derived dendritic cells and macrophages. In conclusion, L-DOPA melanin-based vaccine provides an efficient strategy to trigger cytotoxic responses against short and long synthetic peptides for tumor immunotherapy and compared favorably to the classic combination of IFA and Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist in mice. L-DOPA melanin is likely to act as a carrier for peptides, allowing them to efficiently reach and probably to remain up to 3 weeks into lymph nodes. No direct immunomodulatory effect was instead found, underlying the need for an immunostimulatory agent such as TLR9 agonist in the vaccine formulation
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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