1,721,087 research outputs found
IL TEST DA SFORZO NELLA VALUTAZIONE FUNZIONALE DEL BAMBINO
No full textIl test da sforzo cardiopolmonare è un metodo unico per valutare i limiti ed i meccanismi di tolleranza all’esercizio fisico. Nel bambino, inoltre, il test da sforzo svolge un ruolo sempre maggiore perché non è invasivo e fornisce importanti informazioni che non possono essere ottenute con i test di funzionalità respiratoria a riposo. In questo lavoro sono descritte le indicazioni, i protocolli e gli strumenti necessari per eseguire correttamente il test da sforzo. Inoltre, è illustrato il significato dei principali parametri del pattern ventilatorio (ventilazione minuto, volume corrente, frequenza respiratoria) e dello scambio gassoso (WO2, WCO2) ed il loro comportamento nelle diverse patologie cardiopolmonari. L’asma da sforzo (EIA) viene definita come la presenza di un’ostruzione bronchiale associata all’attività fisica e si verifica nel 40 - 90% dei soggetti asmatici. I sintomi dell’EIA sono la dispnea, la tosse, i sibili ed il senso di costrizione al torace. Il protocollo di valutazione prevede un test da sforzo sul tappeto rotante che consiste in una corsa della durata di circa 6 minuti fino a raggiungere circa l’80% della massima frequenza cardiaca. I farmaci più efficaci nel prevenire l’EIA sono i beta2-agonisti a breve durata di azione e/o i cromoni inalati 15 minuti prima dell’attività fisica
Editorial: Difficult and severe asthma in children
No full textThis Topic offers diverse perspectives on really severe asthma in children, especially focusing on the treatable. The 60 distinguished authors have brought a unique collective wisdom for which we are grateful. The Editors have certainly learned a lot as the Topic has evolved, and we commend it to future readers; the numbers who have already gone to these articles testify to the great job the authors have done
Safety and Potential Side Effects of beta2-Agonists: A Still Debated Question.
No full textIn the last years, the safety profile of β2-agonists has been largely discussed as there are concerns about the adverse effects of their regular use. In this review, we analyze the main questions relating both morbidity and mortality of currently available β2-agonists. Although questions still remain regarding the issue of safety, evidence from epidemiological studies is strongly suggestive that the use of β2-agonists is not dangerous
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Placebo-controlled trials in pediatrics and the child's best interest
Full text linkFor too long children have received medicines not sufficiently studied for their needs and, in fact, being considered as small replicas of adults, it was deemed sufficient to adjust the dosage of a drug approved for adults. Together with the limited availability of appropriate drug formulations, especially for neonates and toddlers, this approach has caused increased iatrogenic risk and/or suboptimal adherence to treatment. With the aim of encouraging the development of more efficacious and safer medicines for children, the Regulatory Agencies in Europe and U.S.A. commendably issued directives to promote adequate and well controlled pediatric clinical trials. In compliance with the agenda of the Pediatric Regulation, in the past decade the number of pediatric patients enrolled in double-blind randomized clinical trials (RCTs) is markedly increased. In order to establish the efficacy of new medicines, RCTs frequently include a placebo-control group that carries the burden of additional, and to some extent underestimated, ethical concerns with respect to trials in adults. Six years into the Pediatric Regulation implementation, off-patent drugs, most of which at present are extensively used off-label, are underrepresented in ongoing/proposed pediatric RCTs. We debate this status quo to assess what might be the child's best interest. In fact, we argue that well-designed studies, in which efficacy and safety of new drugs are compared to off-patent drugs that are currently prescribed off-label, would achieve the aim of the Pediatric Regulation better and more ethically than placebo controlled RCTs
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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