1,721,004 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
The Humanitarian Drone and the Borders: Unveiling the Rationales Underlying the Deployment of Drones in Border Surveillance
No full textIn these days economic and political pressures push for the deployment of drones’ technology in civil and commercial domains. This chapter focuses in particular on the deployment of drones in the context of border surveillance. Border surveillance is a shared competence between the European Union, through its dedicated agency Frontex, and the Member States. The aim of the chapter is to challenge the humanitarian rationale presented to defend the choice of deploying drones in this ambit and to assess whether this humanitarian rationale is embedded into a legal framework, policy and practice oriented toward the protection of the human lives and the activation of search and rescue (S.A.R.) responsibilities of the relevant actors. The key research question is whether the deployment of drones will make Fortress Europe more human, whether it is geared at saving human lives or whether it is aimed at strengthening the intelligence dimension of border surveillance. In order to answer the research questions, the chapter will, first, present the emergence of the civilian drone, and second, will embed the chapter into a theoretical framework, placing border surveillance within the context of securitization, with the technological turn it has acquired in the last years. The chapter will then focus on the EUROSUR Regulation and its enforcement, aiming at achieving a total surveillance of the borders of the Union, through the so-called 24/7 blue-green situational awareness. It will then discuss the EU and Member States Search and Rescue obligations, also in light of recent problematic cases, before focusing on a case of deployment of drones in border surveillance, in Mare Nostrum. All in all, the last developments, in the practice and the legal infrastructure, point to increasing the surveillance capacities of the EU, namely of its dedicated agency Frontex, by further developing its intelligence capacity, through new means and technological tools
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Bridging the liability gaps: Why AI challenges the existing rules on liability and how to design human-empowering solutions
Full text linkThis chapter explores the so-called ‘liability gaps’ that occurs when, in applying existing contractual, extra-contractual, or strict liability rules to harms caused by AI, the inherent characteristics of AI may result in unsatisfying outcomes, in particular for the damaged party. The chapter explains the liability gaps, investigating which features of AI challenge the application of traditional legal solutions and why. Subsequently, this chapter explores the challenges connected to the different possible solutions, including contract law, extra-contractual law, product liability, mandatory insurance, company law, and the idea of granting legal personhood to AI and robots. The analysis is carried out using hypothetical scenarios, to highlight both the abstract and practical implications of AI, based on the roles and interactions of the various parties involved. As a conclusion, this chapter offers an overview of the fundamental principles and guidelines that should be followed to elaborate a comprehensive and effective strategy to bridge the liability gaps. The argument made is that the guiding principle in designing legal solutions to the liability gaps must be the protection of individuals, particularly their dignity, rights and interests
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Digging into the Accountability Gap:Operator’s Civil Liability in Healthcare AI-systems
Full text linkThe increasing autonomy of artificial intelligence systems (AI-systems) has put the debate about a possible ‘accountability gap’ in liability law center stage. The debate is about a possible failure of incumbent liability regimes to pinpoint the accountable agent, if in the wrongdoing an AI-system is involved. A recent attempt to address this ‘accountability gap’ is a proposal of the European Parliament, which advances laws on civil liability for the entities that control AI-systems. These newly created entities, which have no blueprint yet in liability law, are called ‘Operators’. By branching out on the healthcare applications of AI-systems, this chapter analyzes the concept of operator’s civil liability. It starts with a description of the liability concepts presented in the proposed legislation, and how they fit doctrinally with the laws and regulations of the current medical liability regime. Complementing the doctrinal analysis, this chapter employs a law and economics analysis, which showcases that the accountability gap is a serious challenge also from a consequentialist point of view. Lastly, this chapter proposes a few legal alternatives that depart from the incumbent concept of strict liability
Lawyers’ Perceptions on the Use of AI
Full text linkThis chapter examines lawyers’ perceptions on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in their legal work. A meta-synthesis of published large-scale surveys of the legal profession completed in 2019 and 2020 in several leading jurisdictions, e.g., the UK, US, and EU, reveals some dissonance between hype and reality. While some lawyers see the potential contribution that AI and machine-learning (ML) driven legal tech innovation can make to transform aspects of legal practice, others have little awareness of the existence of the same. While there appears to be first mover advantage for some legal practitioners to incorporate innovative AI and ML based legal tech tools into their developing business model, there are few metrics that exist that can help legal teams evaluate whether such legal tech tools provide a sustainable competitive advantage to their legal work. A non-representative expert sampling of UK-based non-lawyer legal tech professionals whose work focuses on the utilisation of AI and ML based legal tech tools in different legal practice environments confirms the findings derived from the meta-synthesis. This expert sampling was also evaluated against published peer-reviewed research featuring semi-structured interviews of UK lawyer and non-lawyer legal tech professionals on the challenges and opportunities presented by AI and ML for the legal profession. Further research in the form of undertaking a qualitative survey of non-lawyer legal tech professionals with follow-on semi-structured interviews is proposed
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