1,720,953 research outputs found
A Political Ecology of Wellbeing: The role of civil society organizations in supporting communities with limited access to water, sanitation, and hygiene in Brazil
No full textSafe access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) is key to human health and wellbeing. When populations lack or have limited access to WASH, they are at risk of contracting infectious diseases, suffering dehydration and malnutrition, developing musculoskeletal diseases, experiencing gender-based violence and conflict, and facing challenges to access other social determinants of health, such as health care and education. Regardless, billions of people lack access to safe WASH globally, mainly in low- and lower-middle income countries (LMICs). Nonetheless, historically marginalized groups in high income countries (HICs) and upper-middle income countries (UMICs) still face challenges to access WASH despite available financial and natural resources. In Brazil, the country with the largest supply of freshwater water and the 9th biggest economy in the world, 32 million people lack access to safe water and 89 million, to safe sanitation.
The COVID-19 pandemic shone a spotlight on the role of civil society organizations (CSOs) in creating and implementing solutions to access WASH as a way to halt the spread of the disease and offer relief aid to low-income communities that had their livelihoods affected by lockdowns and social distancing measures. Among other initiatives, CSOs around the world donated water and hand sanitizers, constructed communal wells and portable handwashing stations, and raised awareness about proper hygiene habits. Nevertheless, little is known about the way these organizations address WASH inequities, especially in UMICs, and how they support health equity-promoting practices in general.
The overall purpose of this research is to examine the role of civil society organizations in promoting solutions to water, sanitation, and hygiene inequities in Brazil. The specific research objectives are: 1) to describe barriers and facilitators in access to water, sanitation, and hygiene in low-income communities in Brazil, 2) to explore the impacts of water, sanitation, and hygiene inequities on the wellbeing of low-income communities in Brazil through political ecology of health, and 3) to investigate solutions to water, sanitation, and hygiene inequities implemented by civil society organizations in low-income communities in Brazil.
Using an integrated knowledge translation (IKT) approach to research and informed by political ecology of health, I conducted a multisite case study in three municipalities in the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro (MRRJ), whose populations experience varying levels of access to WASH and support from CSOs. I interviewed leaders from local CSOs (n = 7) and led focus groups with residents of low-income communities (n = 24) in each municipality. Additionally, I visited the headquarters of partner CSOs, a local water treatment station, other affected communities, and attended meetings with local municipal governments. Interviews and focus groups were recorded and transcribed verbatim, translated from Portuguese to English, and analyzed through thematic analysis on NVivo.
The results revealed common barriers in access to WASH in all communities, including frequent and long-lasting water shortages, contaminated drinking water, absence of sewage collection and treatment, and complications from severe weather events. WASH inequities affect several dimensions of participants’ wellbeing but most importantly, emotional health and sense of dignity, as they compared their living conditions to that of residents in other neighbourhoods as a consequence of persisting structural inequities. Finally, solutions to WASH inequities differ according to the level of resources and expertise offered by partner CSOs, revealing geographical inequities in access to funding and manpower between organizations located in the state capital and those in peripheral municipalities.
This research makes contributions to the political ecology of health framework by proposing a political ecology of wellbeing through the contextual understanding of “wellbeing” and how WASH access affects low-income communities beyond physical and mental health. Additionally, this research advances the understanding of the complex role of local CSOs as intermediaries between decisionmakers, academics, and marginalized communities, capable of communicating the needs and wants of populations in a concise and representative manner and facilitating both short- and long-term equity-promoting action. Finally, this research contributes to the body of work on WASH inequities in HICs and UMICs, advancing the notion that certain marginalized populations are rendered invisible by global WASH data that ignores nuanced local inequities, such as the frequency and quality of WASH services.
In conclusion, CSOs in Brazil promote short-term infrastructural WASH solutions, promote critically reflective dialogue about the distribution of environmental and social determinants of health and wellbeing, and act as intermediaries between powerful actors who decide what happens in the territory, e.g., local politicians, criminal groups, and WASH companies. CSO work can be scaled up if responsible authorities recognize their role as knowledge brokers and design policies considering context-specific needs and challenges for each community, while also supporting civil society organizations’ services to promote autonomy and agency among marginalized groups in the long term
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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