1,720,957 research outputs found
Moral judgements of errors by AI systems and humans in civil and criminal law
No full textThe evaluation of the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in legal decisions still has unsolved questions. These may refer to the perceived degree of seriousness of the possible errors committed, the distribution of responsibility among the different decision-makers (human or artificial), and the evaluation of the error concerning its possible benevolent or malevolent consequences on the person sanctioned. Above all, assessing the possible relationships between these variables appears relevant. To this aim, we conducted a study through an online questionnaire (N = 288) where participants had to consider different scenarios in which a decision-maker, human or artificial, made an error of judgement for offences punishable by a fine (Civil Law infringement) or years in prison (Criminal Law infringement). We found that humans who delegate AIs are blamed less than solo humans, although the effect of decision maker was subtle. In addition, people consider the error more serious if committed by a human being when a sentence for a crime of the penal code is mitigated, and for an AI when a penalty for an infringement of the civil code is aggravated. The mitigation of the evaluation of seriousness for joint AI-human judgement errors suggests the potential for strategic scapegoating of AIs
Will You Work with Us to Design a Robot? Boys’ and Girls’ Choices of Anthropomorphic Robots According to Their Gender
No full textThis study aimed to examine whether boys and girls demonstrate inclinations that drive them to select interactions with humanoid robots that share psychological and physical similarities with them and display gender characteristics aligning with their own. Forty-four students, aged 10 to 13, from two distinct primary school classes, engaged in a study where they interacted in a CAVE with a simulated humanoid robot with a gender of their choice, selected between male or female at the beginning of the procedure. They were instructed to assist the experimenter in the robot’s design process. Subsequently, participants were assessed for any gender stereotypes.
The results indicate that children generally exhibit a preference for interacting with robots of their own gender rather than those of a different gender. Notably, the study suggests that the perceived level of agency assigned to gendered robots may be influenced by the extent of hostile sexism. Specifically, an increase in hostile sexism corresponds to an augmented perception of male robots as possess- ing agentic qualities. Conversely, a different pattern, only marginally significant, seems to emerge in relation to benevolent sexism, where an increase in benevolent sexism is associated with a heightened perception of female robots as agentic technology
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Stress and incivility in Higher Education Institutions: a case study
No full textResearch on Higher Education Institutions (HEI) has scantly considered stress and uncivil behaviour as interrelated phenomena. The study presented here was conducted at the University of Siena using an online questionnaire. A total of 160 employees, 80 administrative and technicians (PTA), and 80 faculty participated in the study. The questionnaire presented both a scale for measuring perceived stress and a scale for determining the occurrence of uncivil behaviour, whether only perceived or also perpetrated. Concerning perceived stress levels, several differences emerged: females reported higher stress levels than males and faculty more so than administrative and technicians. An interesting relationship was found between perceived stress and occupation namely that untenured workers perceived higher stress levels. Uncivil behaviour, when perpetrated, appears to be mainly a male phenomenon, while the perception of uncivil behaviour is more evident in faculty. The results also show that the perception of uncivil behaviour, particularly for younger people and women, increases the perception of stress. Conversely, regardless of age or gender, the stress and the perception of uncivil behaviour increase the occurrence of uncivil behaviours
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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