1,720,958 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Shadow Mimicking the Darkness: Hans Asperger’s Relation to National Socialism
Get PDFThis paper looks at the personal and professional relationship between Hans Asperger, a psychiatrist during the Second World War in Nazi-controlled Austria, and the National Socialist movement. I argue that while Hans Asperger had a mixed relationship with National Socialism, he unarguably played a role in implementing its policies and was found to have been cooperative with the Nazi’s agenda by the SS. Influenced by his family, faith, and childhood experiences, Asperger’s background led him to become active within the medical field. During his time within the clinic at Vienna, Asperger rapidly rose the ranks thanks to the dismissal of many medical professionals due to National Socialist ideals. Interacting with a plethora of doctors who sympathized with the Nazis or were Nazis themselves, Asperger was routinely exposed to the culture of the Third Reich. Never concretely stating his support for the Nazis, Asperger still adhered to the policies of their regime, actively sending some of the children that he worked with to Am Spigelgrund, a clinic where disabled children were euthanized. In addition, Asperger’s work in studying Autism and his notes on some of the children whom he worked with hint at a mindset in line with the eugenics ideals of the Third Reich. While no conclusive answer can be gathered from Asperger’s statements, secondary evidence suggests that Asperger was at least willing to actively participate in the Nazi’s eugenics policies
Divergent Persecution: The Varied Treatment of the Disabled in the Third Reich
Get PDFThis paper looks at the evolution of the Nazi’s treatment of the disabled. Their persecution changed over time based on public perception and the events of the war. Removing disabled people from Germany society was a practice long advocated for by Nazi leadership, Hitler in particular. With their rise to power, they began implementing policies that targeted the disabled. Initially, they began with prohibiting disabled people from marrying. sterilization of those with undesired traits. These operated publicly and had mixed approval from the broader public. The shift to mass slaughter came in 1939 after a plea from a disabled boy’s father reached Hitler, thus beginning the T4 program. Hundreds of thousands would be killed through different means, many patients and their loved ones believing they were being sent to medical facility for treatment, not slaughter. People steadily learned the truth, and protested against the killings, often coming from religious circles. The program was officially canceled in 1941 but continued unofficially. Disabled people also were put through brutal correctional facilities which sought to reform them if they could. One of the more famous of these was Am Spigelgrund which sought to make the disabled more suitable for the German community. The brutal treatment of the disabled would continue on until several years after the conclusion of World War Two
Shadow Mimicking the Darkness: Hans Asperger’s Relation to National Socialism
Get PDFThis paper looks at the personal and professional relationship between Hans Asperger, a psychiatrist during the Second World War in Nazi-controlled Austria, and the National Socialist movement. I argue that while Hans Asperger had a mixed relationship with National Socialism, he unarguably played a role in implementing its policies and was found to have been cooperative with the Nazi’s agenda by the SS. Influenced by his family, faith, and childhood experiences, Asperger’s background led him to become active within the medical field. During his time within the clinic at Vienna, Asperger rapidly rose the ranks thanks to the dismissal of many medical professionals due to National Socialist ideals. Interacting with a plethora of doctors who sympathized with the Nazis or were Nazis themselves, Asperger was routinely exposed to the culture of the Third Reich. Never concretely stating his support for the Nazis, Asperger still adhered to the policies of their regime, actively sending some of the children that he worked with to Am Spigelgrund, a clinic where disabled children were euthanized. In addition, Asperger’s work in studying Autism and his notes on some of the children whom he worked with hint at a mindset in line with the eugenics ideals of the Third Reich. While no conclusive answer can be gathered from Asperger’s statements, secondary evidence suggests that Asperger was at least willing to actively participate in the Nazi’s eugenics policies
Improper Divulgence: How Distrust and Poor Reporting Influenced Civilians Views of the Three Mile Island Incident
Get PDFThis paper looks at how the media impacted the civilian opinion of the United States’ population on the Three Mile Island Incident. I argue that the media outlets reporting on the nuclear incident negatively impacted the public’s perception of the incident, making the disaster appear far worse than what was actually happening. Occurring on March 28, 1979, the meltdown of reactor number two at Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania, was the worst nuclear incident in United States history. Prior to the meltdown, United States citizens already had exposure to the pros and cons of radiation. Influenced by their experiences with nuclear components before the incident, men, women, and children were conscious of the danger but hopeful for its success. Such fears were reawakened by the incident. Amplified by the poor distribution of information from those in charge of handling the incident, the media presented several, often negative, narratives on what had happened. As citizens generally felt uneasy about the information being distributed by the vast majority of those directly involved, they instead turned to various media outlets for information. Amplified by their pre-existing woes of nuclear elements, many became petrified of the incident and the subsequent radioactive elements that leaked from the facility. Such concerns lead to a sharp rise in anti-nuclear reactor demonstrations. Despite this however, many citizens still advocated for the technology, saying that what had occurred brought to light the true danger of the technology while believing that it could still prove useful to the United States
Advocating for Ableist Practices: nNazi Propaganda against the Disabled between 1933-1941
Get PDFThis paper looks at the major themes and evolution of Nazi Germany’s propaganda campaign against people with various disabilities. The perspective of people concerning the disabled altered based on time and location. However, most had more negative imaginings of the disabled. For the Nazi’s, this was doubly true. Germany had prior campaigns against the disabled, however they would take it to another level during the Third Reich. Propaganda resolved around differing societal issues which offered various justifications for persecution of the disabled. Most tailored toward issues more practical to the average German citizen. Financial concerns, ethical questions, and calls for a better society were all argued in these propaganda pieces. Evolution was the prevailing concept that the Nazi Government pushed. For them, the implementation of these ideals was critical for reasons of nature and Germany’s progression. However, they included text which portrayed the disabled’s death or sterilization as a sacrifice they were doing for the betterment of the German nation. The Nazis ultimately got their desired outcome, many disabled German citizens were killed or sterilized
Shifting of the Nerves: The Evolution of Shell Shock and its Treatment in the United Kingdom
Get PDFThis paper looks at the evolution of the British understanding of a new Psycho-neurological condition assigned the common name of ‘Shell Shock.’ I argue that the understanding of Shell Shock within the United Kingdom underwent a gradual evolution due to influences from both the British military and medical personnel. Conditions similar to Shell Shock have been observed throughout history, with the first modern interpretation appearing shortly after the American Civil War. Despite this, medical practitioners within the United Kingdom held onto their older interpretations of psychological medicine. Thus, Shell Shock came as a surprise to those who first witnessed it. Over time, an understanding of Shell Shock developed. Medical personnel emphasized treating the condition, initially utilizing methods that followed the older understanding of treating psychological conditions while using newer methods as the war progressed. The British military focused instead on maintaining a cohesive fighting force to combat the Central Powers, exerting control over the doctors. As the war progressed, more options for treating Shell Shock steadily became utilized, some seeing greater success than others. Despite the massive quantity of individuals suffering from the condition by the war’s conclusion and associated studies and findings, the United Kingdom ultimately regressed in their view of Shell Shock, implementing policies that followed the British military’s mindset as opposed to those of the medical personnel. Failing to regard the condition as a justifiable malignancy, Shell Shock set the foundation for future examinations into the psychological effects of war on soldiers
- …
