20,422 research outputs found
Cui han lin yi ji: [2 juan, fu lu].
No full text崔舜球.線裝, 一函.Cui Shunqiu.Detailed notes in vernacular field only
Lei jing fu yi
No full text[V.1-24]. 類經 : 三十二卷 -- [v.25-30]. 類經圖翼 : 十一卷 -- [v.31-32]. 類經附翼 : 四卷.[V.1-24]. Lei jing : san shi er juan -- [v.25-30]. Lei jing tu yi : shi yi juan -- [v.31-32]. Lei jing fu yi : si juan.張介賓類註. 類經圖翼 : 十一卷 / 張介賓著. 類經附翼 : 四卷 / 張介賓撰.綫裝, 2函.框21.5x14.7公分, 8行18字, 小字雙行同. 白口, 四周單邊, 單黑魚尾. 版心上鐫題名及卷次, 中鐫小題, 下鐫葉次及"會稽謝應魁鐫"書名頁刻"張氏類經, 圖翼附翼合刻, 嘉慶四年仲春鎸, 金閶萃英堂梓行".《中國中醫古籍總目》00034著錄.鈐"莊兆祥印", "莊兆祥".Xian zhuang, 2 han.Kuang 21.5 x 14.7 gong fen, 8 hang 18 zi, xiao zi shuang hang tong. Bai kou, si zhou dan bian, dan hei yu wei. Ban xin shang juan ti ming ji juan ci, zhong juan xiao ti, xia juan ye ci ji "Kuaiji Xie Yingkui juan"Detailed notes in vernacular field only.Detailed notes in vernacular field only.Zhang Jiebin lei zhu. Lei jing tu yi : shi yi juan / Zhang Jiebin zhu. Lei jing fu yi : si juan / Zhang Jiebin zhuan.Qian "Zhuang Zhaoxiang yin", "Zhuang Zhaoxiang"
Ban dao ti yi zhi jie gou zai guang cui hua he guang dian cui hua zhong de yan jiu
No full textLi, Qian = 半導體异质结构在光催化和光電催化中的研究 / 李乾.Thesis Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2015.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-162).Abstracts also in Chinese.Title from PDF title page (viewed on 30, December, 2016).Li, Qian = Ban dao ti yi zhi jie gou zai guang cui hua he guang dian cui hua zhong de yan jiu / Li Qian
WU, YI-CUI
No full text研究目的：一、瞭解台灣蘆筍罐頭事業之產銷概況及結構現狀。
二、分析台灣蘆筍罐頭與罐頭原料之生產成本結構及其經營效率。
三、探討台灣蘆筍罐頭與蘆筍原料價格之決定與變動情形及其影響。
四、探討主要外銷市場對於蘆筍罐頭之行為偏好。
五、研討台灣蘆筍罐頭行銷策略之適切性。
資料來源：一、台灣省政府農林廳編印之「台灣農業年報」、「台灣省農情報告」、
「台灣省農產品生產成本調查報告」。
二、台灣區罐頭公會出版之「罐頭出口統計」「台灣罐頭年鑑」。
三、台灣聯合蘆筍出口公司之統計資料。
四、台灣省農會之統計資料。
研究方法：一、以敘述法配合統計圖表，陳述原料蘆筍及蘆筍罐頭之產銷概況及結構
現狀。
二、根據台灣省農林廳的資料進行原料之成本分析並比較獲利程度及資源利用情形。
三、依據管理會計原理，分析蘆筍罐頭之生產成本及其經營效率。
四、利用時間數列資料藉Michaely波動指數公式測定蘆筍罐頭外銷價格及外銷數量之
波動程度，並以Von-Neumann Ratio 分析波動之規則性。
五、藉簡單迴歸分析（Simple－Regression Analysis ）探討蘆筍罐頭外銷價格與數
量之關係。
六、依據有關主要外銷市場分析之文獻，歸結出蘆筍罐頭外銷目標市場（Taget Mar-
ket ）之偏號。
七、根據行銷管理之觀點，檢討現行的蘆筍罐頭之行銷策略。
八、依據上述研究之結果，提出改進建議，以供參考。
研究結果：一、就生產地區而言，蘆筍之栽培面積及產量皆以中南部地區為主。
二、原料蘆筍之生產成本以人工費佔大多數，其次為肥料費。
三、蘆筍罐頭製銷成本以原料蘆筍佔多數，其次為空罐費用。
四、蘆筍罐頭聯營外銷制度對於穩定產銷秩序頗有貢獻，但忽視品質改進及缺乏機動
性及積極性為其缺點。
五、在外銷價格決定方面採取統一對外報價避免削價，但訂定的價格缺乏彈性，不能
因應市場需求的變化。
六、聯營外銷對外銷價格之穩定確有其貢獻。
七、聯營前，外銷數量變動頗巨，聯營後外銷數量則較平穩，可見聯營對於外銷數量
之穩定有貢獻
Liao wen cui /
No full textCover title.On double leaves, oriental style, in case.Liao wen cui -- Liao shi yi wen zhi bu zheng --Xi Xia wen zhui -- Xi Xia yi wen zhi.Mode of access: Internet
Xinjiang (China), folk dancing of Uyghurs
No full textFolk-dance of UighursImage is part of research conducted by Chang Chih-Yi for the article: Land Utilization and Settlement Possibilities in Sinkiang
Author(s): Chang Chih-Yi
Source: Geographical Review, Vol. 39, No. 1 (Jan., 1949), pp. 57-75
Published by: American Geographical Society
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/211157http://www.jstor.org/stable/211157Grayscal
Scaling up hepatitis B vaccination with the support of GAVI in China : lessons learned for introduction of new vaccines and for the future of hepatitis B control
No full textBackground: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a leading cause of illness and death in China. In 1992, 60% of the population had a history of HBV infection and 9.8% were chronically infected with HBV. Each year, an estimated 263,000 persons died from HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma or cirrhosis, accounting for 37%-50% of HBV-related deaths worldwide before 1992. In 1992, the Ministry of Health introduced hepatitis B vaccine into the management system of the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) as a cost-effective way to prevent HBV infection. The schedule included a timely birth dose (within 24 hours of birth, to prevent perinatal infections that are most strongly associated with long term chronic infections and adverse outcomes) and subsequent doses at one month and six months. However, this introduction into the EPI management system only meant that the Government took responsibility over administration and coverage monitoring, but not funding support: The cost of vaccination was covered out of pocket. As a result, coverage was lower in rural areas, in Western provinces (low economic status) and among females. In 2002, the Ministry of Health fully integrated free hepatitis B vaccine into EPI with funding from the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI). The GAVI China project financially supported vaccine and auto-disable syringes in Western provinces and poverty-affected counties of Central provinces (Chapter 1). As the GAVI China project was completed in 2010, we compiled all evaluation work conducted to understand how input and process lead to output and outcomes that impacted the heavy HBV associated burden in China.
Methods: We compiled data from GAVI China project areas between 2002 and 2009, reviewed cross-sectional studies conducted in 2004 and 2006 and conducted a final evaluation survey in 2010. These investigations covered input (funds invested into the project for vaccine and AD syringes), process (integration of the vaccine in EPI, increase in institutional births, introduction of auto-disable syringes for vaccination and training), output (immunization coverage for third dose and timely birth dose, use of auto-disable syringes for immunization), outcome (immunity in the population, safe injection practices) and impact (prevalence of HBV surface antigen among children included in the vaccination cohort).
Results: With respect to hepatitis B immunization, input included 27 million USD provided by the GAVI China project to funds hepatitis B vaccine between 2002 and 2007. These funds came from the international GAVI Alliance (50%) and the Government of China (50%). In addition, the Chinese government provided an additional 21.5 million USD in government co-funding of subsidies from central to provincial to health care workers in provinces between 2007 and 2009 so that the vaccine could be administered without user fees. The health system efficiently processed these resources. First, in GAVI-supported areas, the increase in the HepB3/DPT3 ratio (increased from 57% in 2002 to 94% in 2009), indicated indicating that EPI absorbed well the new vaccine. Second, institutionalized deliveries increased to reach 96% nationwide in 2009, indicating that maternal and child health services created conditions to maximize coverage of the timely birth dose. As a result, from 2002 to 2009, the national three-dose hepatitis B vaccine coverage progressed from 71% to 93% (Chapter 5) and the timely birth dose coverage progressed from 60% to 91% (Chapter 7) with a reduction of inequities between Eastern and Western areas. Both of these resulted in immunity among vaccinated cohorts (85% of anti-HBs among children 12 to 23 months of age in the national 2006 serological survey) (Chapter 2). One key factor strongly associated with being HBsAg negative is receiving timely birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine as early as possible (Chapter 4).
With respect to injection safety, input included 14 million USD of GAVI funds to supply auto-disable syringes, safety boxes and needle cutters. In 2009, auto-disable syringes and safety boxes were used in 78% and 79% facilities in GAVI supported areas of the Western areas, respectively (Chapter 6). In terms of output, sterilizable injection devices disappeared and attempts to re-use disposable injection equipment became rare (0% in the 2010 final evaluation). However, no data regarding the incidence of injection-associated infections were available to evaluate the outcome of the progress in injection safety.
With respect to social mobilization and training, 10 million USD were assigned to training between 2002 and 2009. Most of those were not directly funded by GAVI China. These funds were provided by the Government because of the leverage effect of the GAVI China project. These were used in 28,753 training workshops for health care workers that resulted in better knowledge among health care workers (In 2010, 98% of them knew that hepatitis B virus can be transmitted from mother to child) and guardians (In 2010, 89% of them knew that the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine had to be given in the first 24 hours of life). This higher level of knowledge also contributed to higher immunization coverage and safer injections.
Ultimately, the elements of the GAVI China project combined at the impact level to prevent HBV infections. The 2006 national serological survey documented these achievements and pointed to 1% prevalence of HBsAg among children under five years of age, a decrease of 90% from the 9.8% prevalence in the same age group in 1992 (Chapter 3). These infections prevented will lead to the future prevention of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma. Those should result in early deaths prevented and benefits in terms of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). However, in 2010, it was too early to measure these longer term effects and the final impact of the project on HBsAg prevalence had not yet been quantified.
Conclusion: The introduction of hepatitis B vaccine into the national immunization programme was successful and the strategies and policy used for the GAVI China project provided a successful case study for the introduction of other new vaccines in China. The determinants of the success of the GAVI China included (1) a well documented disease burden, (2) a good collaboration between the government of China and the international GAVI Alliance that resulted in a strong national GAVI China project, (3) local production of vaccine and AD syringes, (4) solid processes for implementation and (5) leverage of additional support through national and provincial levels co-funding. Remaining challenges include (1) the persistence of an estimated 80,000 perinatal HBV infections each year in China, (2) the lack of homogeneous regulations to harmonize injection practices, (3) the absence of a scaled implementation for the national policy that recommends vaccination of health care workers, (4) the weak specificity and sensitivity of acute hepatitis B surveillance and (5) the absence of policy and plans for the management of chronic hepatitis B infection. We recommended that China (1) maintain universal hepatitis B infant vaccination, with a high priority to reach all infants, especially for those living in remote, mountain areas (2) make additional efforts to strengthen the health system and further improve hospital delivery rates to increase timely birth dose coverage and decrease perinatal HBV transmission, (3) develop clear surveillance guidelines to monitor acute hepatitis B rates (4) immunize health care workers, with an emphasis on pre-service delivery (5) collect manage sharps waste in a way that is safe for the health care workers, the community and the environment, and (6) screen pregnant women to administer adapted immuno-prophylaxis (including hepatitis B immune globulin, HBIG) for children born to those HBsAg positive. These should prepare the country for the next phase of a policy for the prevention and control of hepatitis B, which should ultimately include screening and treatment of patients with chronic infections, particularly those of older age cohorts who were born before the era of universal immunizatio
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