1,720,962 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
Induced CD8a Identifies Enhanced Human NK cell IL-15-induced Proliferation and Metabolism and Modulates NK cell Activation
Get PDFNatural Killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic innate lymphoid cells that play an important role in the surveillance and elimination of virally-infected and malignantly-transformed cells. These primary effector functions are achieved by producing cytokines and chemokines which activate and recruit additional immune effectors, as well as direct cytotoxic killing via perforin and granzymes. NK cell function is tightly regulated by a balance of germ-line encoded activating, inhibitory, co-stimulatory, and cytokine receptors expressed at the cell surface. Through these activating and inhibitory receptors, NK cells recognize and kill targets without prior sensitization through the loss of self-identifying molecules such as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I that bind to inhibitory receptors on NK cells (detection of ‘missing self’) or through the upregulation of ligands recognized by activating receptors on NK cells that can overcome inhibitory signals. The ability of NK cells to eliminate malignant cells has been established in the hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) setting, where a ‘graft vs leukemia’ effect can be exploited clinically through allogenic HCT and through adoptive NK cell therapy to treat hematologic malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML). NK cells briefly stimulated with the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12/15/18 become long-lived, memory-like (ML) NK cells with the ability to respond robustly upon reactivation with cytokines, activating receptors, or tumor target engagement, and further clinical trials have demonstrated their safety and efficacy as cellular therapy for AML. However, many of the factors that affect response versus treatment failure after ML NK cell therapy remain unknown. Unexpectedly, multidimensional immune correlatives revealed a novel, direct correlation between CD8α expression on donor ML NK cells and treatment failure. However, the impact of CD8α on human NK cell subsets, phenotype, and function are poorly understood. While CD8αβ has been extensively characterized on human and mouse T cells as a co-receptor for the T cell receptor (TCR), CD8α is not expressed on murine NK cells. Approximately 40% of human NK cells express a homodimeric CD8αα chain, and a much smaller fraction of NK cells (1-2%) express CD8αα. CD8αα contains an extracellular region that can bind to the conserved α3 region of HLA class I, a transmembrane domain, and a short cytoplasmic tail that interacts with the Src tyrosine kinase Lck. There are few and conflicting reports on the function of CD8α on the biology of human NK cells. Given the paucity of data on CD8α and human NK cells, and the striking negative association between CD8α expression and treatment response in our recent data, my thesis aimed to comprehensively elucidate the functional role of CD8α on conventional NK cells. Here, we show that CD8α marks a spectrum of functionality on human NK cells, and plays a functional, inhibitory role. We demonstrated that sorted CD8α- NK cells had superior tumor control of K562-engrafted NSG mice, and that this was likely mediated by an enhanced capacity for proliferation and survival of CD8α- NK cells. We observed that CD8α expression was dynamic and induced by IL-15, likely mediated by the transcription factor RUNX3. A subset of sorted CD8α- NK cells induced CD8α expression (‘induced’ or ‘iCD8α+’), while the remainder persisted as CD8α- (‘persistent CD8α- ‘), and those sorted CD8α+ sustained CD8α expression (‘sustained CD8α+’). Notably, NK cells with induced CD8α expression were the most proliferative in vitro and in vivo in NSG models. Mechanistically, we found that iCD8α NK cells had greater expression of IL-15Rb and gc components, which resulted in a greater induction of downstream signaling following IL-15 stimulation. Interestingly, we found that the differences in IL-15R expression were due to a preferential expansion and upregulation of CD8α in cells with greater pre-existing IL-15Rb expression. We demonstrated that these enhanced IL-15 signals corresponded to greater expression of nutrient receptors, glucose uptake, and overall metabolic activity. Further, we showed that this also translated to enhanced responses to tumor and cytokine stimulation in iCD8α+ NK cells, and this hyperfunctionality persisted even after three weeks in vivo. We also interrogated the functional role of CD8α using CRISPR-Cas9 deletion of CD8A in primary human NK cells, and did not identify a role in proliferation, survival, or responses to IL-15 signaling. However, we found that CD8 KO led to greater cytokine production and degranulation following activating receptor ligation, particularly through NKp30. This was likely mediated by CD8α enhancing the inhibitory function of KIR3DL1, rather than by abrogating activating receptor signaling. In summary, this thesis highlights a role for induced CD8α expression in marking a time-dependent functional capacity, in addition to identifying a novel role for CD8α in inhibiting NK activation. These findings highlight the importance of interrogating the dynamics of NK cell marker acquisition as they relate to functionality, particularly in the context of understanding NK cell biology and improving cellular therapies
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