1,721,623 research outputs found
A motivational perspective on coping with pain
No full textCoping is one of the most commonly used concepts in the pain literature. Despite its popularity, it remains a broad and confusing concept that is often vaguely defined and poorly operationalized. This chapter presents a motivational model of coping that starts from the idea that pain’s interference with goal pursuit elicits negative affect, which in turn activates coping responses that may then proceed along 3 possible pathways: goal persistence, problem-solving, or goal adjustment. The chapter describes and illustrates these pathways and asserts that all three could be either adaptive or maladaptive, depending upon the nature of the context. It recasts several traditional concepts regarding pain coping, such as pain catastrophizing, fear-avoidance, endurance, pain-related attention, and acceptance, within this motivational perspective. It discusses the potential implications of adopting the motivational account of pain coping for clinical interventions such as exposure, attention management, and acceptance, as well as commitment therapy
Pain and Attention: Towards a Motivational Account
Full text linkAttention plays a pivotal role in the experience of pain and its impact upon daily activities.
Accordingly, research on the interplay between attention and pain has a long scientific history.
Within this chapter, we discuss the theoretical frameworks that aim to explain the relationship
between attention and pain. We argue for a motivational perspective on pain that highlights the
critical role of cognitive, affective and contextual factors in explaining the interplay between
attention and pain. To substantiate this argument, we provide an overview of available research
addressing the bottom-up capture of attention by pain and the top-down modulation (both
inhibition and facilitation) of attention for pain. We conclude this chapter with guidelines and
suggestions for future research and discuss clinical implications of adopting a motivational
perspective on pain
On the role of beliefs in observational flavor conditioning
No full textIn previous research (Baeyens, Vansteenwegen et al., 1996) we demonstrated that when observers consume a series of CS+ and CS?flavored drinks while simultaneously watching a videotaped model who synchronically drinks identical drinks and facially expresses his evaluation (dislike to CS+, neutral to CS?) of the liquids, the observers acquire a dislike for CS+ flavored relative to CS?flavored drinks. The aim of the present experiments was to test some predictions derived from a “direct conditioning” theory of such observational flavor learning. Using the same observational flavor conditioning procedure, we investigated (Exp. 1) the effect of manipulating the observers’ belief concerning the relationship between the drinks that they and the model were consuming (same/different/no information). Observational flavor conditioning was obtained when observers were led to believe that they were drinking the same drinks as the model did, and when they were not informed about this relationship, but not when told to be drinking different drinks. At the same time, however, the observers were not able to correctly identify the source of the model’s expression of dislike: They showed no CS-US contingency-awareness. Whereas the former finding suggests the causal involvement of conscious beliefs and cognitive inference processes in observational learning, the latter is more in line with the idea that the model’s facial expressions may act like a US’ which is automatically associated with the paired flavor CS+, without any involvement of conscious beliefs or cognitive inferences. These two crucial findings were replicated in Exp. 2. Also, we obtained evidence in this study that the belief manipulation affected learning through its influence on the observers’ attention for the model’s facial evaluative expressions. These results can be integrated either by a cognitive theory allowing the beliefs on which the inferences are based to be of an implicit nature, or by a “direct conditioning” theory that conceives of the US’ as an interpreted event, rather than as a mechanistically and invariantly acting physical entity
On the generality of the affective Simon effect
No full textIn affective Simon studies, participants are to select between a positive and negative response on the basis of a nonaffective stimulus feature (i.e., relevant stimulus feature) while ignoring the valence of the presented stimuli (i.e., irrelevant stimulus feature). De Houwer and Eelen (1998) showed that the time to select the correct response is influenced by the match between the valence of the response and the (irrelevant) valence of the stimulus. In the affective Simon studies that have been reported until now, only words were used as stimuli and the relevant stimulus feature was always the grammatical category of the words. We report four experiments in which we examined the generality of the affective Simon effect. Significant affective Simon effects were found when the semantic category, grammatical category, and letter-case of words was relevant, when the semantic category of photographed objects was relevant, and when participants were asked to give nonverbal approach or avoidance responses on the basis of the grammatical category of words. Results also showed that the magnitude of the affective Simon effect depended on the nature of the relevant feature
Deception, the polygraph, and psychopathy : the role of orienting in the concealed information test
Full text linkThe costs of attempting to control uncontrollable pain: An experimental and clinical investigation
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