1,720,962 research outputs found
Normal cholesterol levels in the immediate postpartum period: A risk factor for depressive and anxiety symptoms?
No full textWe aimed to ascertain if cholesterol levels within the reference standards for healthy non-pregnant women are a risk factor for depressive and anxiety symptoms in the immediate postpartum period. During the first week after delivery, total cholesterol levels of 120 new mothers were measured and their mood state was assessed with the Profile of Mood States (POMS). Two weeks before delivery, mothers' personal and family history of mood disturbances was assessed with the Maternal History of Mood Disturbances (MHMD) scale. Only 26 (22%) of the new mothers had normal cholesterol levels (<= 200 mg/dL). Mothers with normal levels did not differ on psychometric measures from those with high levels. However, in the subgroup of mothers with normal cholesterol, those with lower levels experienced more symptoms of anxiety, depression and fatigue and scored higher on the MHMD scale. In the larger group of mothers with high cholesterol levels, history of mood disturbances and postpartum depressive and anxiety symptoms were not correlated with total cholesterol. Measuring cholesterol levels in the peripartum can be useful to identify a subgroup of women with naturally low cholesterol levels and an increased risk for postpartum depressive and anxiety symptoms
Maternal attachment style and psychiatric history as independent predictors of mood symptoms in the immediate postpartum period
No full textBackground: There is evidence that both a past history of psychiatric illness and insecure attachment put women at risk for mood disturbances in the postpartum period. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether maternal insecure attachment is a risk factor for mood symptoms in the immediate postpartum period independently of the confounding effect of maternal psychiatric history.Methods: A convenience sample of 120 mothers was assessed prenatally with the Maternal History of Mood Disturbances (MHMD), the Relationship Questionnaire (RQ), and in the first week after delivery with the Profile of Mood States (POMS).Results: Mothers with higher scores on the preoccupied and fearful attachment scales had more severe postpartum anxiety and depression symptoms but only fearful attachment remained a significant predictor of postpartum anxiety when the significant effect of maternal history of mood disturbances was included in the model.Limitations: Our diagnostic assessment focused on mood symptoms, not disorders, and we limited psychometric assessment to the immediate postpartum period and did not collect longitudinal data to ascertain whether the relationship between maternal insecure attachment and postpartum mood disturbances changed over time.Conclusions: Our results show the necessity to assess prior psychiatric symptoms in studies of maternal attachment style and postpartum mood disturbances. The finding that a mother's recall of her own psychiatric history emerged as significant predictor of postpartum mood symptoms suggests that antenatal assessment based on maternal self-report can be used in those settings where structured diagnostic interviews are not feasible
A comparative study of axis I antecedents before age 18 of unipolar depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia
No full textBackground: Despite a large scientific literature on early clinical precursors of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and unipolar depression, few data are available on axis I disorders preceding the adult onset of these illnesses. Sampling and Methods: Disorders before the age of 18 years were retrospectively assessed with a structured interview in 3 groups of consecutive adult inpatients with DSM-IV diagnoses of schizophrenia (n = 197), major depressive disorder (n = 287) and bipolar disorder (n = 132). Only patients with adult onset of schizophrenia and of mania/hypomania were included. A sample of the general population served as control group (n = 300). Results and Conclusion: The clinical groups significantly outnumbered the control sample on the majority of early axis I diagnoses. Schizophrenia was significantly associated (1) with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), ADHD inattentive subtype, ADHD hyperactive subtype and primary nocturnal enuresis, compared to unipolar depression, and (2) with social phobia and ADHD inattentive subtype, compared to bipolar disorder. Oppositional defiant disorder was significantly associated with bipolar disorder, compared to the other clinical and control groups. The ADHD hyperactive subtype predicted the adult onset of bipolar disorder compared to unipolar depression. Externalizing disorders seem of special importance as regards the clinical pathways toward schizophrenia. Copyright (C) 2009 S. Karger AG, Base
Adult attachment style and social anhedonia in healthy volunteers
No full textSeveral studies that have explored associations between attachment measures and interpersonal dispositions have found that people with avoidant attachment consistently express a preference for being alone rather than affiliating with others. These findings suggest that the lack of sociability of avoidant individuals reflects high levels of social anhedonia. We tested such a hypothesis by administering the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ) and the social anhedonia subscale of the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) to 163 healthy volunteers. Social anhedonia was not related to gender, age or current mood state, as measured by the Profile of Mood States (POMS). In a stepwise regression model, the confidence and the discomfort with closeness scales of the ASQ emerged as significant predictors of the SHAPS social score, indicating that higher levels of social anhedonia were associated with avoidant attachment but not with anxious attachment. These findings raise interesting questions about the causal link between avoidant attachment and social anhedonia. It is possible that the construct of avoidant attachment as measured by self-report measures includes a heterogeneous group of individuals and that some have a basic deficit in the capacity to experience social reward rather than a defensive deactivation of intimacy needs. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Attachment style in mothers and fathers and post-partum depressionN
No full textAim of the study
The study aimed to investigate the relationship between adult attachment style (AS) in mothers and fathers and post-partum depression (PPD).
Methods
Study sample was made of 31 women (mean age 32; SD = 5.41 yrs) and relative partners. Relationship Questionnaire (RQ) and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPSD) were administered to women within 48 hours from delivery. Contemporarily RQ was administered to partners. EPSD was then administered to women 4 months later. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA using women ASs as independent variables as reported by RQ (insecure vs secure) and EPDS scores in both times as dependent variable. A two channels ANOVA with repeated measures using partners ASs as reported by RQ (secure and insecure) as independent variable and women EPSD 48 hours and 4 months scores as dependent variable was performed
Results
There was a significant effect of strength (Table 1) of insecure attachment (F (2.28)=6.94). Post-hoc comparisons using the Fisher LSD test (Table 2) revealed that the difference between women with 48 hours secure attachment vs women with 48 hours insecure attachment was significant (M=7.59 vs M=12.75; p< .05); the difference between women with 4 months secure attachment vs women with 4 months insecure attachment was highly significant (M=6.00 vs M=12.75; p< .001). In other words secure attachment seems to be protective compared to insecure attachment and this effect increases with time. In the partner sample the influence on EPSD of the time and group variables were not significant. Post-hoc comparisons using LSD test revealed that the differences between secure (p=.02) and preoccupied (p=.02) attachment vs dismissing were significant (Table 3).
Discussion
This study confirms that mother insecure attachment is strongly correlated with the onset of PPD. Partner AS was not a risk factor for PPD considering either the whole insecure styles or each single insecure attachment style. On the other hand, the post hoc analysis showed a significant protective effect of secure and preoccupied AS over dismissing attachment in the development of 4 months PPD.
In conclusion, this study suggests that furher research based on AS may be a fruitful approach to understanding the developmental pathways leading to PPD
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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