376 research outputs found
Source Apportionment of the Air Quality on Sable Island
No full textAir pollution can have varying health and environmental impacts which are not limited to the point of release, making it important to identify and quantify sources of air pollution and their fate and transport globally. Most studies are conducted in urban areas with few studies taking place at sea or near oil and gas (O&G) production facilities, resulting in a paucity of data. This study aims to examine the different sources of air pollution affecting the air quality on Sable Island, a remote marine site, with the aim of better understanding the impacts of emissions from nearby offshore O&G activities and continental outflow. Air pollution data obtained from Sable Island between May 7th and October 30th of 2013 was used to perform statistical analysis, source apportionment, and meteorological analysis. The models used to identify and quantify sources of air pollution included the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model v 3.0.2.2. The air pollutants measured and their temporal resolution were non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), black carbon (BC), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), mono-nitrogen oxides (NOx), nitrogen oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), particulate matter with a median aerodynamic diamer less than or equal to 2.5 microns (PM2.5), and sulphur dioxide (SO2). NMHCs and BC measurements were averaged every 5 minutes while the remaining data was averaged hourly. The average concentration of O3 (30.4 ppb) was below the annual average concentration of O3 in ambient air in Canada which was 33 ppb in 2011 (Environment Canada, 2013) while all of the average and maximum concentrations for pollutants governed by The Air Quality Regulations from Nova Scotia Environment (including O3) fell below maximum permissible levels. The mean values (min:max) for NMHC, BC, PM2.5, SO2, H2S, O3, NO, NOx, and NO2 were 0.034 ppm (0.0 : 1.13), 0.092 µg/m3 (0.0 : 13), 14.1 µg/m3 (0 : 43), 0.168 ppb (0.0 : 3), 0.361ppb (0.0 : 13.7), 30.4 ppb (8.24 : 61.1), 2.17 ppb (0.0 : 3.5), 1.12 ppb (0.0 : 28.7), 0.998 ppb (0.0 : 14.6). During this study, a new gas production facility came on line on July 22nd 2013. Significant differences (P<0.05) between concentrations of BC, PM2.5, SO2, H2S, O3, NO, NOx, and NO2 were seen after July 22nd 2013. The median values and upper percentiles for BC, PM2.5, NO, and NOx show decreases after July 22nd, while those for SO2, H2S, and NO2 show increases. Due to the strong correlation of SO2 and H2S with offshore oil and gas activities found through PMF modelling and a spearman rank order correlation this implies the new off-shore gas production did have an impact on the air quality on Sable Island. The PMF model run identified 4 factors contributing to the air quality on Sable Island but source contributions could not be determined due to insufficient PM2.5 and VOC speciation data. Long range transport, off-gassing from offshore O&G activities (with contributions from phytoplankton blooms), flaring, and on-site combustion were the sources associated with these 4 factors. It was recommended that sampling on Sable Island continue as further characterization of the air quality would be beneficial to more fully understanding sources and sinks of air pollution on the island and the surrounding Scotian Shelf
ARF versus RHD: Nomenclature matters
No full textRecording of presentation given by Craig Sable with the title 'ARF versus RHD: Nomenclature matters', presented on Wednesday, 13 March 2019 as part of the Inaugural PROTEA (Partnerships for Children with Heart Disease in Africa) Workshop in Cape Town, South Africa.The 13th-16th March 2019 marked the Inaugural PROTEA (Partnerships for Children with Heart Disease in Africa) Workshop hosted by the Children’s Heart Disease Research Unit under the directorship of A/Prof Liesl Zuhlke and in conjunction with the Paediatric Cardiology Service of the Western Cape. A first in Africa, this workshop combined four events: a research methods workshop, a basic echocardiography (echo) workshop, two days of advanced echo as well as a rheumatic heart disease research think-tank. 130 delegates from 19 different countries representing all six continents attended the event, making it truly global and giving attendees the opportunity to meet and network with experts in the fields of rheumatic and congenital heart disease.Funding was provided by the University of Manchester, the University of Cape Town and The Children’s Heart Disease Research Unit. A special thanks to Professor Bernard Keavney, from the University of Manchester, for his assistance and support
Double outlet right ventricle: Echocardiography and the concepts for surgical decision making
No full textRecording of presentation given by Craig Sable with the title 'Double outlet right ventricle: Echocardiography and the concepts for surgical decision making', presented on Friday, 15 March 2019 as part of the Inaugural PROTEA (Partnerships for Children with Heart Disease in Africa) Workshop in Cape Town, South Africa.The 13th-16th March 2019 marked the Inaugural PROTEA (Partnerships for Children with Heart Disease in Africa) Workshop hosted by the Children’s Heart Disease Research Unit under the directorship of A/Prof Liesl Zuhlke and in conjunction with the Paediatric Cardiology Service of the Western Cape. A first in Africa, this workshop combined four events: a research methods workshop, a basic echocardiography (echo) workshop, two days of advanced echo as well as a rheumatic heart disease research think-tank. 130 delegates from 19 different countries representing all six continents attended the event, making it truly global and giving attendees the opportunity to meet and network with experts in the fields of rheumatic and congenital heart disease.</div
Plastic ingestion by fulmars and shearwaters at Sable Island, Nova Scotia, Canada
No full textPlastic pollution is widespread in the marine environment, and plastic ingestion by seabirds is now widely reported for dozens of species. Beached Northern Fulmars, Great Shearwaters, Sooty Shearwaters and Cory’s Shearwaters are found on Sable Island, Nova Scotia, Canada regularly, and they can be used to assess plastic pollution. All species except Cory’s Shearwaters contained plastic debris in their gastrointestinal tracts. Northern Fulmars, Sooty Shearwaters and Great Shearwaters all showed high prevalence of plastic ingestion (>72%), with Northern Fulmars having the highest number and mass of plastics among the species examined. There was no difference in plastic ingestion between sexes or age classes. In all species user plastics made up the majority of the pieces found, with industrial pellets representing only a small proportion in the samples. Sable Island could be an important monitoring site for plastic pollution in Atlantic Canada
Estimation for the shape of sable coat or jacket in ancient Japan
No full textDuring the 8th-12th centuries in Japan, “furuki-no-kawaginu” or sable coat was the rage among high class aristocrats and was a symbol of nobility and wealth. However, the shape is almost unknown because there are no remains or no drawings. However, “furuki-no-kawaginu” was described in some literary works and diaries in ancient Japan, which contain a little information of the shape. In addition, drawings and remains of sable coats in other regions and periods in East Asia potentially have information of the shape of the ancient Japanese coat. In this report, the shape is inferred based on those sources of information. “Furuki-no-kawaginu” was divided into at least two size groups : long and short types. Further, the front part of the coat seems to divide right and left. Some other features were also inferred
An estimation of lameness in Sable Island horses using radiographic evaluation of the distal phalanx and hoof capsule
No full textLaminitis is a painful condition that causes lameness in horses. However, monitoring this condition in feral horses is logistically difficult. Laminitis can be detected postmortem, as inflammation of the sensitive laminae of the hoof changes the relative location of the bony structures within the hoof capsule. Thus, evaluation of cadavers may be used to estimate laminitis prevalence in feral populations of horses. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of laminitis in feral horses inhabiting the Sable Island National Park Reserve, Canada, using radiographic imagery on the hooves of naturally deceased horses. Radiographic indicators evaluated included coronary band extensor process distance (CE), capsular rotation (CR), palmar angle (PA), ratio of the dorsal hoof wall thickness to the length of the distal phalanx (DHWT:P3) and sole depth (SLD). Each value measured indicated the following prevalence of laminitis: CE 0% (97.5% Confidence Interval (CI) 0–4.51%), 8.75% CR (95%CI 3.59–17.2%), PA 25% (95% CI 15.99–35.94%), DHWT:P3 6.25% (95%CI 2.06–14.0%) and 65% SLD (95% CI 53.52–75.33%). The majority of indices measured for laminitis were low. These findings suggest that laminitis is fairly infrequent in the Sable Island horses evaluated in this study
Northeast Passage PATH™ Program: A Strengths-Based and Recovery-Oriented Approach for Veterans Who Experience Mental Health Disorders
No full textThe recreation therapy profession stands in a position to be a powerful agent of change from a strengths-based perspective (Anderson & Heyne, 2012). This article merges ongoing discussions regarding the need for development of effective evidenced-based treatment options for Veterans with mental health disorders, current dialogue regarding the changing focus in healthcare, and the role of strengths-based approaches to healthcare. It also offers a detailed example of the Northeast Passage PATH™ program (Promoting Access, Transition, and Health) as a strengths-based, recovery-oriented recreation therapy program implemented in a home/community-based setting (Craig, Wilder, Sable, & Gravink, 2013). Case examples are interwoven within the article to accent the discussion regarding strengths-based practices and illustrate how the PATH™ program implements interventions with Veterans with mental health disorders through all phases of treatment including assessment, planning, intervention, and evaluation
Ranching with sable antelope (Hippotragus niger niger) in South Africa
No full textThesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2022.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research focuses on aspects not currently known but essential to ranch with sable
antelope (Hippotragus niger niger) successfully. This includes determining the metabolizable
energy requirements, horn growth traits and how supplemental nutrition affects reproduction and
horn growth on sable antelope ranched in South Africa.
An investigation into the methodologies presently employed determining carrying capacity
of wildlife species illustrates that the large animal unit, grazing unit, and browsing unit methods
only use metabolic weight as a factor to determine the energy requirements of game where the
large stock unit method uses both metabolic weight and the energy requirements of the animal at
a specific well defined physiological production state. The metabolizable energy requirement per
day was regressed with weight (kg) using a log-log transformation of the herbivore species to
model the suitability of the large animal unit method for defining/determining the metabolizable
energy requirements of game. The resulting equations were used to model and compare the
calculated metabolizable energy and large stock unit values to the published metabolizable
energy and large stock unit values. The physiological production states analysed included
calf/lamb, young dry cow/ewe, mature dry cow/ewe, young cow/ewe with calf/lamb, mature
cow/ewe with calf/lamb, young bull/ram, and mature bull/ram. Six out of the seven categories
have values higher than 0.75 with R 2 values of >0.99, the exception being calf/lamb data with the
value of 0.742 with a R2 = 0.97. These results indicate that metabolic weight is neither
conceptually correct nor sufficiently accurate to calculate metabolizable energy requirements for
game, confirming the acceptance of the alternative hypothesis. Therefore, the large animal unit
(metabolic weight method) cannot replace the large stock unit (metabolizable energy method).
The derived log-log transformation equation provides a more accurate method for determining
the metabolizable energy requirements and dry matter intake values for sable antelope and other
game species.
A study into horn growth characteristics (traits), horn length, basal circumference, and the
number of horn rings of sable antelope in South Africa was conducted to investigate the
environmental effects of sex, calving year and season on horn development for animals up to 50
months of age. Horn growth characteristics/traits within the age categories of 0-15 months, 15.1-
36 months, 36.1-50 months were analysed. It was determined that the growth rate in cm per day
of horn length between male and female sable antelope differed significantly (P < 0.05) for all age
categories: male (0,089 ± 0.002cm; p-value = <0.0001) and female (0,068 ± 0.004cm; p-value =
<0.0001) for 0-15 months, male (0.079 ± 0.002cm; p-value = <0.0001) and female (0.042+
0.001cm; p-value = <0.0001 ) for 15.1-36 months, male (0.044± 0.003cm; p-value = <0.0001 )
and female (0.015± 0.003cm; p-value = <0.0001) for 36.1-50 months respectively. When
considering base circumference between male and female sable antelope, a significant difference
(P < 0.05) in the age category 0-15 months was observed, where the base circumference growth
rate for males was 0.026 cm and females 0.014 cm respectively. The number of horn rings did
not differ. Horn length and base circumference results over the whole period, regardless of other
environmental effects, illustrate a rapid initial growth for male and female animals. However, horn
length and base circumference on males grew faster, while in the female animals, it slowed
noticeably once they reached sexual maturity. Supplemental feeding regimes introduced on most
farms in 2013 positively affected horn growth traits, resulting in longer horns at maturity.
When considering the results, if the metabolizable energy requirements for animals at
different states is known, it is possible to estimate the carrying capacity and stocking rates of
game reserves and ranches more accurately. Furthermore, knowing the metabolizable energy
requirements of the species at different physiological states supplies animal nutritionists with the
necessary information to improve supplemental and complete feeds. When considering horn
growth, the data clearly shows that horn length increased year after year in both male and female
sable antelope, and this was due to ranchers selecting better animals and supplying these
animals with a more balanced diet.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie navorsing fokus op aspekte wat tans nie bekend is nie, maar noodsaaklik is om met
swartwitpense (Hippotragus niger niger) suksesvol te kan boer. Dit sluit die bepaling van
metaboliseerbare energievereistes, horinggroei-eienskappe en op welke mate aanvullende
voeding reproduksie en horinggroei van swartwitpense in Suid-Afrika beïnvloed in.
'n Ondersoek na die metodologieë wat tans gebruik word om die drakrag van wildspesies
te bepaal, het aangedui dat grootdier-eenheid-, wei-eenheid- en blaarvreter-eenheidmetodes
slegs metaboliese massa as 'n faktor gebruik om die energiebehoeftes van wild te bepaal. Die
grootvee-eenheid metode gebruik egter beide metaboliese massa en die energiebehoefte van
die dier by 'n spesifieke goed gedefinieërde fisiologiese produksietoestand in. ’n Regressie van
metaboliseerbare energie behoefte per dag met massa (kg) deur gebruik te maak van 'n log-log
transformasie van die herkouer spesies om die geskiktheid van die grootdier eenheid metode vir
die bepaling van die metaboliseerbare energie vereistes van wild te modelleer is oorweeg. Die
gevolglike vergelykings is gebruik om die berekende metaboliseerbare energie en grootvee-
eenheidwaardes te modelleer en te vergelyk met die gepubliseerde metaboliseerbare energie en
grootvee-eenheidwaardes. Die fisiologiese produksie statusse wat ondersoek is, sluit kalf/lam,
jong droë koei/ooi, volwasse droë koei/ooi, jong koei/ooi met kalf/lam, volwasse koei/ooi met
kalf/lam, jong bul/ram en volwasse bul/ram in. Ses uit die sewe kategorieë het waardes hoër as
0.75 met R2
-waardes van >0.99 getoon. Die uitsondering was kalf-/lamdata met ‘n waarde van
0.742 met 'n R2 = 0.97. Hierdie resultate dui aan dat metaboliese gewig nie konseptueel korrek
of voldoende akkuraat is om metaboliseerbare energievereistes vir wild te kan bepaal nie, en dus
die aanvaarding van die alternatiewe hipotese bevestig. Daarom kan die grootdier-eenheid
(metaboliese massa-metode) nie die grootvee-eenheid (metaboliseerbare energie-metode)
vervang nie. Die afgeleide log-log-transformasievergelyking verskaf 'n meer akkurate metode om
die metaboliseerbare energiebehoeftes en droëmateriaal-innamewaardes van swartwitpense en
ander wildspesies te bepaal.
'n Studie na horinggroei-eienskappe insluitende horinglengte, basale omtrek en die aantal
horingringe van swartwitpense in Suid-Afrika is gedoen om die omgewingseffekte van geslag,
kalfjaar en -seisoen op horingontwikkeling van diere tot 50 maande ouderdom te ondersoek.
Horinggroei-eienskappe binne die ouderdomskategorieë van 0-15 maande, 15.1-36 maande,
36.1-50 maande is ontleed. Daar is vasgestel dat die horinglengte-groeitempo in cm per dag
tussen manlike en vroulike swartwitpense beduidend verskil (P < 0,05) vir alle
ouderdomskategorieë: manlik (0,089 ± 0.002cm; p-value = <0.0001) en vroulik (0,068 ± 0.004cm;
p-value = <0.0001) vir 0-15 maande, manlik (0,079 ± 0.002cm; p-value = <0.0001) en vroulik
(0,042 ± 0.001cm; p-value = <0.0001) vir 15,1-36 maande, manlik (0,044 ± 0.003cm; p-value =
<0.0001 cm) en vroulik (0,015 ± 0.003cm; p-value = <0.0001 cm) vir 36,1-50 maande
onderskeidelik. Horingbasisomtrek tussen manlike en vroulike swartwitpense het betekenisvolle
verskil (P < 0.05) in die ouderdomskategorie 0-15 maande, waar die basisomtrek se groeitempo
vir manlik 0.026 cm en vroulik 0.014 cm onderskeidelik was. Die aantal horingringe het egter nie
verskil nie. Horinglengte en basisomtrek resultate oor die hele tydperk, ongeag ander
omgewingseffekte, dui op 'n aanvanklike vinnige groei vir manlike en vroulike diere. Horinglengte
en basisomtrek by mannetjies het egter vinniger gegroei, terwyl dit by die vroulike diere merkbaar
verlangsaam het sodra hulle geslagsryp geword het. Aanvullende voedingsstrategië wat in 2013
op die meeste plase ingestel is, het horinggroei-eienskappe positief beïnvloed, wat tot langer
horings by volwassenheid gelei het.
As die resultate in ag geneem word, is die metaboliseerbare energiebehoeftes vir diere by
verskillende fisiologiese status bekend is, is dit moontlik om die drakrag van wildreservate en
plase meer akkuraat te voorspel. Verder, om die metaboliseerbare energiebehoeftes van die
spesie by verskillende fisiologiese toestande te verstaan, verskaf dit die dierevoedingkundiges
die nodige inligting om aanvullende en volledige voeding te verbeter. Wanneer horinggroei in ag
geneem word, toon die data duidelik dat horinglengte jaar op jaar by beide manlike en vroulike
swartwitpense toegeneem het. Hierdie was ‘n dierekte gevolg van beter seleksie deur telers sowel
as die aanwending van 'n meer gebalanseerde dieet.Master
REMARKS ON THE ISLE OF SABLE
No full textGeneral description of the navigation considerations around Sable Island to accompany the Isle of Sable map. The remarks are as follows: "On the days of the new and full moon it is high water along the south shore of the island at half an hour after eight o'clock, and it flows till half an hour past ten o'clock on the north side, and till near eleven o'clock in the pond. Common spring tides rise seven feet perpendicular, and neap tides four. The flood sets in from the south south-west at the rate of half a mile an hour; but it alters its course, and increases its velocity, near the ends of the island. At half flood it streams north, and south at half ebb, with great swiftness across the north-east and north-west bars, therefore dangerous to approach without a commanding breeze. The north-east bar runs out east-north-east about four leagues from the eastern extremity of the island, all of which is very shoal, having in few places more than two, three or four fathoms water; whence it continues east and east by south, deepening gradually to twelve, fifteen and eighteen fathoms of water, at the distance of eight or ten leagues, and shapeth to the south and south-east, sloping gently to sixty and seventy fathoms of water. To the northward and eastward it is very steep, and in a run of three miles the water will deepen to one hundred and thirty fathoms. Abreast the body of the isle the soundings are more gradual. The shoal ground of the north-west bar shapes to the westward, and deepens gradually to seventy fathoms of water, at the distance of twenty or twenty-five leagues from the isle, and winds easterly and southerly until it meets the soundings of the north-east bar. The quality of the bottom in general is very fine sand, with a few small transparent stones; to the northward, and close to the north-east bar, the sand is mixed with many black specks; but near the north-west bar the sand has a greenish colour. The north-east bar breaks in bad weather at the distance of eight and ten leagues from the island; but, in moderate weather, a ship may cross it at five leagues distance with great safety in no less than eight and nine fathoms of water; and, if the weather is clear, the island may be seen thence distinctly from a boat. The north-west bar breaks in bad weather at seven, and sometimes eight, miles from the island; but when the sea is smooth, ships may cross it within the distance of four miles in seven fathoms of water.* Along the north and south sides of the island are many spits of sand extending nearly parallel, and within a mile from the shore. Vessels may anchor on the north-side of the island between these spits, and not be liable to be drove off by southerly winds. On the south-side it is boldest off the body of the island, having ten and twelve fathoms of water within a mile from the shore; but towards the bar it is more shoal and dangerous to approach for the currents, which are uncertain, being in a great degree influenced by the winds which have preceded. The surf beats continually on the shore; and, in calm weather, is heard several leagues off. Landing on this island with boats is practicable on the north side, after a continuance of good weather only. The whole island is composed of fine white sand, much coarser than any of the soundings about it, and intermixed with small transparent stones. Its face is very broken, and hove up in little hills, knobs and cliffs, wildly heaped together, within which are hollows and ponds of fresh water, the skirts of which about with cramberries the whole year, and with blueberries, juniper, &c. in their season, as also with ducks, snipes, and other birds. This sandy island affords a great plenty of beach grass, wild pease, and other herbages, for the support of horses, cows, hogs, &c. which are running wild upon it. It grows no trees, but abundance of wreck and drift wood may be picked up along the shore for fuel. Strong northerly winds shift the spits of sand, and often even choak up the entrance of the pond, which usually opens again by the next southern blast. In this ponds are prodigious numbers of seals, and some flat fish, eels, &c. and on the south-west side lies a bed of remarkably large muscles and clambs. The south shoreis between the cliffs, so low that sea breaks quite over in many places when the wind blows on the island. The Ram’s Head is the highest hill on this island; it has a steep cliff on the north west, and falls gently to the south east. The Naked Sand Hills are one hundred and forty-six feet of perpendicular height above the level of high-water mark, and always appear very white. Mount Knight is in the shape of a pyramid, situated in a hollow between two steep cliffs. Mount Luttrell is a remarkable hummock on the top of a large swelling in the land. Gratia Hill is a knob at the top of a cliff, the height of which is one hundred and twenty-six feet perpendicular above high-water mark. The Vale of Misery is also remarkable; as is Smith’s Flagstaff, a large hill, with a regular ascent in every way. From the offing, the south side of the island appears like a long ridge of sandy cliffs lessening towards the west end, which is very low. The Nova Scotia Banks extend nearly seventy leagues in a westerly direction from the Isle of Sable: They are from twenty to twenty-five leagues wide, and their inner edges are from fourteen to eighteen leagues off shore. They are intersected by narrow winding channels (the bottom of which is mud) running north-west and south-east: Between these banks and the shore are several small inner banks with deep water and muddy bottom. The water deepens regularly from the Isle of Sable to the distance of twenty-two leagues, in fifty fathoms, fine gravel; thence proceeding westward, the gravel becomes coarser. At the distance of twenty-three leagues, and south from Prospect Harbour you have from thirty to thirty-five fathoms of water, large stones; and continuing westward to the western extremity of the banks, the soundings are rocky and shoal to eighteen and fifteen fathoms, Cape Sable bearing north by west, distance fifteen leagues. The south-west extremity of Bank Quero lies twenty-six miles east-north-east half north from the east end of the Isle of Sable. This bank extends E by N thirty-five leagues, and is near eight leagues in width; its shoalest part is about five leagues from its eastern extremity in fifteen and eighteen fathoms of water, slimy sand and clambs; from whence it deepens regularly every way to to sixty and seventy fathoms of water towards the edges of the bank. The bank is steep to, and from its soundings on the north side you fall immediately in ninety or one hundred of water black mud, and in one hundred and twenty fathoms on the south side.
* I have described these bars such as I found them; but as they are composed of shifting sands, repeated storms, and the violence of the sea, may in a course of years considerably alter their form or extent.
Colonization history of the sable Martes zibellina (Mammalia, Carnivora) on the marginal peninsula and islands of northeastern Eurasia
No full textWe examined the nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 gene (976 base pairs) for 279 individuals of the sable Martes zibellina (Carnivora, Mustelidae), derived from diverse areas throughout the regions of the Ural Mountains to the Russian Far East on the Eurasian continent and the peripheral peninsula (Kamchatka) and islands (Sakhalin, Hokkaido, and southern Kurils). The demographic history of the sable and its migration history to the eastern peripheral peninsula and islands were inferred using phylogeographic approaches. The analyses confirmed the previously found major lineages for the examined sables and further identified novel sublineages. Our data also support that a lineage, which is endemic to the eastern marginal islands (Sakhalin, Hokkaido, and southern Kurils), was produced by the demographic expansion of an ancestral lineage in the Eurasian continent. The most recent common ancestor of the Sakhalin, Hokkaido, and southern Kuril sables was estimated to exist during the Late Pleistocene. We also determined that another lineage exists on Sakhalin and is shared by the Far East Primorsky population. Our results indicate multiple migration events onto Sakhalin from the continent and suggest the importance of the formation of several straits to the distribution of sable lineages. Meanwhile, Kamchatka is dominated by a sole lineage which would also have followed the demographic expansion on the Eurasian continent. The Russian Far East was indicated as the source area for lineage diversifications; in this region, genetic diversity was relatively high, which is consistent with previous studies
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