1,721,015 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Synthèse et caractérisation de copolymères amphiphiles à base de poly(acide lactique) et de poly(éthylène glycol) pour la délivrance de principes actifs
Full text linkThe objective of this work was to synthesize and characterize amphiphilic copolymers based on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) intended for drug delivery applications. The polymers were chosen regarding to their biocompatibility and bioresorbability. Different architectures of amphiphilic copolymers were prepared, and their behavior in aqueous media, as well as their abilities to encapsulate drugs were studied. First, a graft copolymer was synthesized through copolymerization of a functional monomer, monopropargylated glycolide, with L-lactide to yield a functionalized polyester backbone. The latter was then grafted with different densities of hydrophilic branches of PEG. Then, a brush-like triblock copolymer was synthesized through ROP and ATRP. To this end, chain ends of a telechelic block of PLA were modified to yield a macroinitiator able to initiate oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate polymerization with variable substitution degrees. Self-assembly and drug loading studies revealed that architecture and hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance played a major role on the nature of the formed objects and on their encapsulation potential. Finally, to modulate and increase the efficacy of encapsulated drugs, functionalization strategies were realized. This is illustrated by the linking of a fluorescent model molecule on a triblock brush-like copolymer and, in a collaboration project, the linking of an immunostimulant peptide on an amphiphilic diblock system. Comparison with other formulations revealed that the conjugate allowed modulating and reinforcing the drug's efficacy.Ce travail avait pour but de synthétiser et caractériser des copolymères amphiphiles à base de poly(éthylène glycol) (PEG) et de poly(acide lactique) (PLA) pour la confection de systèmes de délivrance de principes actifs (PA). Les polymères ont été choisis pour leur biocompatibilité et de leur biorésorbabilité. Plusieurs architectures de copolymères amphiphiles ont été créées et leur comportement auto-associatif en milieu aqueux ainsi que leur capacité à encapsuler des principes actifs ont été étudiés. Tout d'abord, un copolymère greffé a été synthétisé par copolymérisation d'un monomère fonctionnel, le glycolide monopropargylé, avec du L-lactide pour obtenir un squelette polyester fonctionnel sur lequel des branches hydrophiles de PEG ont été greffés avec plusieurs degrés de substitution. Ensuite, un copolymère peigne tribloc a été synthétisé à partir d'un bloc central PLA dont les extrémités de chaînes ont été modifiées pour permettre l'amorçage de la polymérisation de méthacrylate d'oligo(éthylène glycol) avec des taux de substitution variables. L'étude de l'auto-assemblage et de la capacité à encapsuler des PA a révélé que l'architecture et la balance hydrophile/hydrophobe sont des facteurs déterminants pour la nature des objets formés et leur potentiel d'encapsulation. Enfin, des stratégies de fonctionnalisation ont été mises en place afin d'augmenter et de moduler l'efficacité des PA encapsulés. Ceci est illustré par le couplage d'une molécule fluorescente modèle et, dans le cadre d'une collaboration, par la conjugaison d'un peptide immunostimulateur sur un système dibloc amphiphile. La comparaison à d'autres formulations a montré que le conjugué permettait de moduler et renforcer l'efficacité du PA utilisé
Synthesis and characterization of amphiphilic copolymers based on poly(lactic acid) and poly(ethylene glycol) towards drug delivery system
No full textCe travail avait pour but de synthétiser et caractériser des copolymères amphiphiles à base de poly(éthylène glycol) (PEG) et de poly(acide lactique) (PLA) pour la confection de systèmes de délivrance de principes actifs (PA). Les polymères ont été choisis pour leur biocompatibilité et de leur biorésorbabilité. Plusieurs architectures de copolymères amphiphiles ont été créées et leur comportement auto-associatif en milieu aqueux ainsi que leur capacité à encapsuler des principes actifs ont été étudiés. Tout d'abord, un copolymère greffé a été synthétisé par copolymérisation d'un monomère fonctionnel, le glycolide monopropargylé, avec du L-lactide pour obtenir un squelette polyester fonctionnel sur lequel des branches hydrophiles de PEG ont été greffés avec plusieurs degrés de substitution. Ensuite, un copolymère peigne tribloc a été synthétisé à partir d'un bloc central PLA dont les extrémités de chaînes ont été modifiées pour permettre l'amorçage de la polymérisation de méthacrylate d'oligo(éthylène glycol) avec des taux de substitution variables. L'étude de l'auto-assemblage et de la capacité à encapsuler des PA a révélé que l'architecture et la balance hydrophile/hydrophobe sont des facteurs déterminants pour la nature des objets formés et leur potentiel d'encapsulation. Enfin, des stratégies de fonctionnalisation ont été mises en place afin d'augmenter et de moduler l'efficacité des PA encapsulés. Ceci est illustré par le couplage d'une molécule fluorescente modèle et, dans le cadre d'une collaboration, par la conjugaison d'un peptide immunostimulateur sur un système dibloc amphiphile. La comparaison à d'autres formulations a montré que le conjugué permettait de moduler et renforcer l'efficacité du PA utilisé.The objective of this work was to synthesize and characterize amphiphilic copolymers based on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) intended for drug delivery applications. The polymers were chosen regarding to their biocompatibility and bioresorbability. Different architectures of amphiphilic copolymers were prepared, and their behavior in aqueous media, as well as their abilities to encapsulate drugs were studied. First, a graft copolymer was synthesized through copolymerization of a functional monomer, monopropargylated glycolide, with L-lactide to yield a functionalized polyester backbone. The latter was then grafted with different densities of hydrophilic branches of PEG. Then, a brush-like triblock copolymer was synthesized through ROP and ATRP. To this end, chain ends of a telechelic block of PLA were modified to yield a macroinitiator able to initiate oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate polymerization with variable substitution degrees. Self-assembly and drug loading studies revealed that architecture and hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance played a major role on the nature of the formed objects and on their encapsulation potential. Finally, to modulate and increase the efficacy of encapsulated drugs, functionalization strategies were realized. This is illustrated by the linking of a fluorescent model molecule on a triblock brush-like copolymer and, in a collaboration project, the linking of an immunostimulant peptide on an amphiphilic diblock system. Comparison with other formulations revealed that the conjugate allowed modulating and reinforcing the drug's efficacy
Synthèse et caractérisation de copolymères amphiphiles à base de poly(acide lactique) et de poly(éthylène glycol) pour la délivrance de principes actifs
No full textThe objective of this work was to synthesize and characterize amphiphilic copolymers based on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) intended for drug delivery applications. The polymers were chosen regarding to their biocompatibility and bioresorbability. Different architectures of amphiphilic copolymers were prepared, and their behavior in aqueous media, as well as their abilities to encapsulate drugs were studied. First, a graft copolymer was synthesized through copolymerization of a functional monomer, monopropargylated glycolide, with L-lactide to yield a functionalized polyester backbone. The latter was then grafted with different densities of hydrophilic branches of PEG. Then, a brush-like triblock copolymer was synthesized through ROP and ATRP. To this end, chain ends of a telechelic block of PLA were modified to yield a macroinitiator able to initiate oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate polymerization with variable substitution degrees. Self-assembly and drug loading studies revealed that architecture and hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance played a major role on the nature of the formed objects and on their encapsulation potential. Finally, to modulate and increase the efficacy of encapsulated drugs, functionalization strategies were realized. This is illustrated by the linking of a fluorescent model molecule on a triblock brush-like copolymer and, in a collaboration project, the linking of an immunostimulant peptide on an amphiphilic diblock system. Comparison with other formulations revealed that the conjugate allowed modulating and reinforcing the drug's efficacy.Ce travail avait pour but de synthétiser et caractériser des copolymères amphiphiles à base de poly(éthylène glycol) (PEG) et de poly(acide lactique) (PLA) pour la confection de systèmes de délivrance de principes actifs (PA). Les polymères ont été choisis pour leur biocompatibilité et de leur biorésorbabilité. Plusieurs architectures de copolymères amphiphiles ont été créées et leur comportement auto-associatif en milieu aqueux ainsi que leur capacité à encapsuler des principes actifs ont été étudiés. Tout d'abord, un copolymère greffé a été synthétisé par copolymérisation d'un monomère fonctionnel, le glycolide monopropargylé, avec du L-lactide pour obtenir un squelette polyester fonctionnel sur lequel des branches hydrophiles de PEG ont été greffés avec plusieurs degrés de substitution. Ensuite, un copolymère peigne tribloc a été synthétisé à partir d'un bloc central PLA dont les extrémités de chaînes ont été modifiées pour permettre l'amorçage de la polymérisation de méthacrylate d'oligo(éthylène glycol) avec des taux de substitution variables. L'étude de l'auto-assemblage et de la capacité à encapsuler des PA a révélé que l'architecture et la balance hydrophile/hydrophobe sont des facteurs déterminants pour la nature des objets formés et leur potentiel d'encapsulation. Enfin, des stratégies de fonctionnalisation ont été mises en place afin d'augmenter et de moduler l'efficacité des PA encapsulés. Ceci est illustré par le couplage d'une molécule fluorescente modèle et, dans le cadre d'une collaboration, par la conjugaison d'un peptide immunostimulateur sur un système dibloc amphiphile. La comparaison à d'autres formulations a montré que le conjugué permettait de moduler et renforcer l'efficacité du PA utilisé
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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