1,720,962 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Recherche de marqueurs d'effets néfastes d'une exposition à des perturbateurs endocriniens chez le Xenope et leur pertinence pour l'Homme
No full textL'exposition de l'Homme aux contaminants chimiques et l'évaluation de son impact sur la santé suscitent un vif intérêt actuel auprès de la population et des décideurs publics. En réponse à cet enjeu de taille, la Commission Européenne a lancé une initiative de biosurveillance humaine « European Human Biomonitoring Initiative » (HBM4EU). Cette association permet de mesurer l'exposition aux contaminants chimiques au niveau européen et a permis pour des substances prioritaires, d'étudier les conséquences sur la santé mais également de trouver des biomarqueurs précoces afin d'assurer une meilleure protection de la santé humaine.Ce projet de thèse s'inscrit dans le Work Package 14 de HBM4EU dont l'objectif est d'identifier les biomarqueurs précoces, d'effets délétères plus tardifs causés par une exposition à des substances chimiques. Depuis 2017 deux listes de substances chimiques prioritaires ont été dressées et des biomarqueurs ont été identifiées grâce à un examen systématique de la littérature scientifique. Ces biomarqueurs sont à relier aux effets délétères, grâce aux « Adverse Outcome Pathways » (AOP), chaine linéaire d'évènements connus ou en cours d'élaboration (voir les outils AOP wiki, AOP helpfinder). Le rationnel est de faciliter l'établissement de liens de causalité crédibles et extrapolables à la santé humaine. Il existe cependant actuellement des lacunes importantes dans les connaissances, notamment dans l'origine des effets neurodéveloppementaux. En vue d'une inclusion de biomarqueurs d'effets (classiques et non connus) dans les études épidémiologiques futures, la pertinence de ces AOP et de ces biomarqueurs est testée à l'aide de modèles pertinents. Au sein d e notre laboratoire nous utilisons un modèle reconnu pour l'étude de l'axe hypothalamo-hypophyso-thyroïdien, l'amphibien Xenopus laevis.De nombreux troubles et maladies, notamment les maladies neurodéveloppementales, pourraient être d'origine embryonnaire/fœtale. Les hormones thyroïdiennes ont un rôle crucial dans le développement (prénatal) et la maturation (postnatal) du système nerveux. Comme l'illustre le crétinisme, un manque total d'hormones thyroïdiennes pendant le développement embryonnaire chez l'Homme, entraine des défauts de prolifération, de différenciation et de connexions entre les neurones. L'équipe du Pr Demeneix a montré que les embryons de Xénopes peuvent être utilisés pour évaluer l'impact de substances chimiques sur le développement précoce médié par les hormones thyroïdiennes. Récemment, il a été confirmé que les hormones thyroïdiennes ont un rôle crucial dans l'engagement et dans la différenciation neuronale pendant cette période critique. En effet l'exposition précoce des têtards, aux mêmes molécules chimiques que celles détectées dans le liquide amniotique humain, altère le développement du cerveau et en particulier le choix du destin neurone/glie.Nous proposons une stratégie différenciée permettant de répondre aux effets de molécules chimiques de l'environnement sur le neurodéveloppement:D'une part, par l'exposition de têtards à des substances chimiques prioritaires et à des mélanges de substances issues d'une extraction chimique d'échantillon de placenta humain.D'autre part, par l'étude de nombreux biomarqueurs novateurs seront étudiés à l'aide d'une lignée génétiquement modifiée de Xenopus laevis dans laquelle une hypothyroidie sera induite par knock-out, médiée par CRISPR/Cas9, du transporteur spécifique aux hormones thyroïdiennes. En effet, la perturbation de la signalisation thyroïdienne peut contribuer aux effets observés dans de nombreux AOP et biomarqueurs identifiés au sein de HBM4EU. La création et la caractérisation de cette lignée permettra de valider les biomarqueurs identifiés en utilisant une combinaison de techniques (qPCR, RNAseq, immunohistochimie, étude comportementale) pour étudier les effets dans le cerveau in vivo lors du développement embryonnaire.Human exposure to chemical contaminants and the evaluation of their impact on human health garners considerable interest from the public and policy-makers. To respond to this major issue, the European Commission launched the “Human Biomonitoring for Europe” (HBM4EU) initiative based on a novel and sustainable collaboration between the scientific and political spheres. This association enables the evaluation of the scale of chemical exposure at a European level, the consequences of certain priority chemical substances on human health, and also represents an opportunity to find early biomarkers to ensure improved protection of human health.This project is an integral part of Work Package 14 of HBM4EU which aims to identify early biomarkers of adverse effects that are caused by chemical exposure. Since 2017, two list of priority chemical substances have been drafted and biomarkers have been identified by systematic examination of scientific literature. These biomarkers are linked to adverse effects via “Adverse Outcome Pathways” (AOP), either known or still under construction (cf. AOP wiki tools, AOP helpfinder). AOPs are designed to link molecular initiating events (MIE) to an adverse effect via a chain of key events (KE) at a molecular, cellular and tissue level. Their purpose is to provide credible evidence for causal relationships that can be extrapolated to human health. However, at present, there remains important knowledge gaps, especially concerning the origins of neurodevelopmental effects. In order to include biomarkers of effect (classical and novel) in future epidemiological studies, the relevance of these AOPs and biomarkers will be tested by means of relevant models. Within our laboratory we make use of a model extensively used to study the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis, the amphibian Xenopus laevis.Numerous diseases and disorders, notably neurodevelopmental diseases, may have embryonic/fetal origins. Thyroid hormones have a crucial role to play in the development (prenatal) and maturation (postnatal) of the nervous system. As illustrate by cretinism, a lack of thyroid hormones during human embryonic development results in irregularities of cellular proliferation, differentiation and neuronal connections. Pr Demeneix's team has shown that Xenopus embryos could be useful to evaluate the impact of chemical substances on early development mediated by thyroid hormones. Recently, the crucial role of thyroid hormones in neuronal cell fate determination and differentiation during this critical period. Indeed, early exposure of the same chemicals detected in human amniotic fluid alters brain development and, in particular, commitment to neuronal/glial lineages.We propose a differentiated strategy capable of elucidating the effects of environmental chemicals on neurodevelopment:Firstly, by exposing tadpoles to priority chemical substances and mixtures that were extracted from human placenta samples.Secondly, by studying numerous novel biomarkers by means of a genetically modified line of Xenopus laevis in which hypothyroidism is induced by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated KO of a specific thyroid hormone transporter. Indeed, disruption of thyroid signaling may be a contributing factor in numerous AOPs and biomarkers identified within HBM4EU. The generation and characterization of this line will allow us to validate previously identified biomarkers with a combination of techniques (qPCR, RNAseq, immunohistochemistry, behavioral studies) in order to assess the effects on the brain in vivo during embryonic development
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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