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Da cláusula penal em contratos relacionais
No full textA cláusula penal é um instituto tradicional. Consolidou-se na
experiência brasileira sua compreensão como dispositivo que desempenha o papel
de proposta de substituição da obrigação avençada pela indenização prefixada, na
hipótese de sua inexecução total, ou incide por ocasião da tipificação do atraso,
concorrendo com o cumprimento da obrigação. Em ambas as hipóteses, haverá o
controle de redução equitativa da multa fixada, evitando-se o enriquecimento sem
causa do credor. O problema é que a ordem socioeconômica, cada vez mais
multifacetada, exige modelos de coordenação das relações mais flexíveis e que
permitam aos contratantes dirigi-los com liberdade e responsabilidade. Essa
possibilidade é estudada com base no exemplo dos contratos relacionais, por ser
considerado um tipo contratual caracterizado por certa incomensurabilidade na
equivalência das trocas projetadas para o futuro, é dependente fundamentalmente
da confiança que um contratante deposita no outro. Nesta situação, a inexecução do
dever de confiança, compreendido como a proibição de exploração de
vulnerabilidades, permitirá a imposição de sanção em sentido estrito, desapegada
da finalidade indenizatória. A estratégia é destinada ao reforço dos deveres de
confiança e assistida pelo princípio da conservação do vínculo contratual. Numa
perspectiva econômica, a solução pensada é responsável por diminuir os custos da
transaçãoThe penalty clause is a tradition in contracts. In Brazil, there is a
consolidated understanding of it as a device that replaces the proposed role of the
obligation agreed upon by the compensation required, in case the partners do not
meet their obligations. The penalty clause also focuses on the classification of the
delay as a way to reinforce the fulfillment of the obligation. In both cases, control of
the penalty established will be kept, in order to prevent what could be considered
unfair enrichment by the lender. The problem is that the socioeconomic situation,
increasingly complex, requires more flexible coordination models which may enable
contractors to take care of their interests with freedom and in a responsible way. The
possibility presently being discussed is based on the relational contracts, because a
certain incommensurability in the equivalence of the exchanges planned for the
future is typical of them, and depends fundamentally on the confidence that a party
places upon the other. In this situation, failure to perform what has been agreed
upon - understood as the prohibition to exploit vulnerabilities -, will make room for
punition strictu sensu not connected to indemnification purposes. Such strategy aims
to reinforce trust as an indispensable duty, and its objective is to keep the contractual
relationship. From an economic perspective, the solution offered, that is, the use of the penalty clause, will be a tool for reducing the transactional costs
Convenções de exoneração e limitação da responsabilidade civil em contratos paritários
No full textO objeto do presente trabalho é o estudo das características gerais e desdobramentos derivados das convenções que, em contratos paritários, objetivam afastar, completa ou parcialmente, a responsabilidade civil imposta como conseqüência do não cumprimento imputável da obrigação.
Como a vida em sociedade exige a constante revisão dos modelos de produção e circulação de riquezas, as convenções de exoneração e limitação de responsabilidade civil representam mecanismos oferecidos aos contratantes para fixarem seus próprios critérios na recondução dos desequilíbrios patrimoniais derivados de suas relações negociais e condutas.
Insta esclarecer: os esforços não se dedicam à classificação amiúde dos modelos de convenções dessa natureza, tarefa, aliás, considerada inviável pela doutrina especializada em razão da amplitude da nomenclatura oferecida a esses dispositivos; tampouco mergulharemos na avaliação das convenções de exoneração e limitação da responsabilidade civil mediante o cotejo com institutos que guardem alguma proximidade, a exemplo das cláusulas penais.
Nesta monografia de compilação pautada no método dedutivo, traçaremos, nos capítulos iniciais, conceitos elementares para o subseqüente desenvolvimento do tema e enfrentamento de tensões que provoca entre os paradigmas da autonomia da vontade, eficiência, moral, ordem pública e justiça, enquanto escopo maior dos nossos esforçosThe object of the present work is the study of the general characteristics and derived unfoldings of the conventions that, in equal contracts, aim at to move away, it completely or partially, the civil responsibility imposed as a consequence of the inimputable execution of the obligation.
As life in society demands the constant revision of production models and circulation of wealth, the discharge conventions or limitation of civil responsibility represent mechanisms offered to the contracting parties to fasten their own criteria in the recondução of the derived patrimonial unbalances of their negotial relationships and conducts.
It is important to explain: the efforts are not devoted to the frequent classification of that convention, task that is, in fact, considered unviable for the specialized doctrine because of the width of the offered nomenclature to those dispositives; we also won t discuss the evaluation of the discharge conventions or limitation of the civil responsibility by the comparison with similar institutes, like penal terms.
In this work, based in the deductive method, we will draw, in the initial chapters, elementary conceptions for the subsequent development of the theme and focusing on tensions that it provokes among the paradigms of the autonomy of the will, efficiency, moral, public order and justice, larger objective of our effort
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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