1,721,122 research outputs found
Who Benefits from the Tariff Reforms?
Full text linkWho benefits from the tariff reforms launched by the Philippine government from 1994-2000? On the basis of the results of his simulation runs, the author of this Policy Notes suggests that tariff reduction is generally pro-poor as shown by the drop in poverty incidence as a whole due to the increase in factor prices and decline in consumer prices. However, the simulation results also indicate that there is a bias in favor of factors employed in the manufacturing sector as industry expanded while agriculture contracted. More details are shown in this Policy Notes.unemployment, income distribution, computable general equilibrium (CGE), poverty, tariff reform
Can the Poor Benefit from the Removal of QR on Rice?
Full text linkWhat may happen if the quantitative restriction (QR) on rice, which puts a limit to the volume of rice imports entering the country, is removed by the end of this year? What are the effects on the local rice industry? How about on the poverty situation in the Philippines? On income distribution and on prices? The author presents the results of his simulation runs in looking at these effects.computable general equilibrium (CGE), agriculture sector, poverty, rice sector, Philippines
Structural Adjustment Policy Experiments: The Use of Philippine CGE Models
No full textThis paper reviews the general structure of the following general computable general equilibrium (CGE): the APEX model, Habito's second version of the PhilCGE model, Cororaton's CGE model and Bautista's first CGE model. These models are chosen as they represent the range of recently constructed CGE models of the Philippine economy. They also represent two schools of thought in CGE modeling: the well defined neoclassical, Walrasian, general equilibrium school where the market-clearing variable is the price, and the non-Walrasian or structuralist school where the market-clearing variable is quantity. Actual simulations using these models are conducted
Cotton-textile-apparel sectors of India:
Full text link"Cotton, textiles, and apparel are critical agricultural and industrial sectors in India. This study provides descriptions of these sectors and examines the key developments emerging domestically and internationally that affect the challenges and opportunities the sectors face. More than four million farm households produce cotton in India, and about one-quarter of output is produced by marginal and small farms. Although production has expanded—most recently with the introduction of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) cotton—domestic prices dropped sharply in the late 1990s, in parallel to world cotton prices. Using partial equilibrium simulations, we estimate that a price movement of the magnitude that occurred has a significant effect on levels of poverty among cotton-producing households. The fiber-to-fabric production chain, from cotton processing through apparel, employs more than 12 million workers in India and provides 16 percent of export earnings. Except for the spinning industry, these sectors are dominated by small, fragmented, and nonintegrated units, which adversely affect their competitiveness. Recent policy reforms have induced some technological improvements. In terms of future prospects for the Indian processing, textile, and apparel industries, our analysis emphasizes three dimensions of reform—the need for further investments in human resource development to improve industry productivity and reduce poverty among workers in these sectors, the emergence of modern domestic retail marketing chains, and the potentially vibrant prospects for the industry that arise from a growing domestic fabric demand and new opportunities in world markets if appropriate policies and investments are undertaken." from authors' abstractCotton, textiles, Apparel, Rural poverty, subsidies, Industry policy, World markets,
Oil Price Increase: Can Something be Done to Minimize its Adverse Effects?
Full text linkThere seems to be no stopping the increase of the prices of oil products. With this certainty already considered a given, can something be done to minimize its adverse effects? This Policy Notes argues that there may still be one way of lessening these negative effects through the use of the instrument of tariffs on imported oil products.oil price
Rice Reforms and Poverty in the Philippines: A CGE Analysis
No full textThe quantitative restriction (QR) on rice will last until the end of 2004. The paper employs a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to analyze the possible poverty and distributional effects of the removal of QR and the reduction in tariff on rice imports. Policy experiments indicate that while market reforms in rice lead to a reduction in the overall headcount poverty index, both the poverty gap and the squared poverty gap indices increase. The Gini coefficient increases as well. In general, these results imply that the poorest of the poor are adversely affected. In particular, while market reforms in rice bring about a reduction in consumer prices that is favorable to all, imports of rice surge and generate displacement effects on poor households that rely heavily on agriculture for factor incomes, particularly on palay rice production and other related activities. Palay production and its output price decline. This translates to lower demand for factor inputs in the sector, lower factor prices in agriculture, and lower factor incomes for these households. Thus, poverty in these groups, as well as the general income inequality, deteriorates. However, the results of the experiments involving various poverty-offsetting measures indicate that an increase in direct government transfers to these household groups can provide a better safety net.computable general equilibrium (CGE), agriculture sector, poverty, rice sector, Philippines
Potential effects of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership on the Philippine economy
No full textUsing a global computable general equilibrium model, the paper analyzes the potential effects of Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) on the Philippine economy. The analysis involves an 80-percent reduction in tariffs and 10 percent in nontariff barriers within RCEP member-countries over a 10-year period. The results indicate trade creation within RCEP. Exports of RCEP to nonmembers decline. Within RCEP, the improvement in exports of the six non-ASEAN members is relatively higher than the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) members. Viet Nam benefits the most among ASEAN members. Exports of the rest of ASEAN increase as well, including the Philippines. The entry of cheaper rice in the Philippines benefits lower income households. The entry of cheaper textiles benefits the garments industry. On the whole, Philippine gross domestic product improves by 3 percent and welfare by USD 2 billion. Philippine poverty declines from 24.9 percent to 23.3 percent
Rice Reforms and Poverty in the Philippines: A CGE Analysis
Full text linkThe quantitative restriction (QR) on rice will last until the end of 2004. The paper employs a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to analyze the possible poverty and distributional effects of the removal of QR and the reduction in tariff on rice imports. Policy experiments indicate that while market reforms in rice lead to a reduction in the overall headcount poverty index, both the poverty gap and the squared poverty gap indices increase. The Gini coefficient increases as well. In general, these results imply that the poorest of the poor are adversely affected. In particular, while market reforms in rice bring about a reduction in consumer prices that is favorable to all, imports of rice surge and generate displacement effects on poor households that rely heavily on agriculture for factor incomes, particularly on palay rice production and other related activities. Palay production and its output price decline. This translates to lower demand for factor inputs in the sector, lower factor prices in agriculture, and lower factor incomes for these households. Thus, poverty in these groups, as well as the general income inequality, deteriorates. However, the results of the experiments involving various poverty-offsetting measures indicate that an increase in direct government transfers to these household groups can provide a better safety net
Analyzing the Impact of Trade Reforms on Welfare and Income Distribution Using a CGE Framework: the Case of the Philippines
Full text linkTrade liberalization--particularly tariff reduction, which is the focus of this paper--triggers changes in both sectoral price ratios and domestic-foreign price ratios. These changes in turn cause a reallocation in production and resources, which lead to a contraction in some production sectors and an expansion in others. These changes also make it extremely difficult to track down the effects on various households. The computable general equilibrium (CGE) model is an economy-wide model that makes it possible to gain a better understanding of the effects. The objective of the paper is to construct a CGE model calibrated to Philippine data and simulate the impact of tariff reforms on income distribution and welfare. In a CGE framework, the effects of tariff reform on households may be traced through two channels: income and consumption channels. Through these two channels, this paper attempts to trace the effects of the reduction in tariff rates from 1994 to 2000 on household income and welfare.trade reforms, income distribution, computable general equilibrium (CGE), welfare
Study on Public and Private Expenditure on Research and Development: An Integrative Report
No full textThis paper puts together the key results and insights of various papers written under the project "Study on Public and Private Expenditure on Research and Development (R&D)". It devotes a section that deals with the problem in the present context. In addition, it provides statistical information and accounting system that gives direction on its improvements to generate quick and accurate set of information related to R&D and science and technology (S&T). Patterns of developments in these areas are also included with a focus on the trends of R&D expenditure, R&D manpower and the economic development levels. Comparison of rate of return to R&D in investment here and abroad is made. Using the detailed descriptions of the development of the S&T in South Korea, Taiwan, and New Zealand, the policy case in the Philippines is set up
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