179,039 research outputs found
Revised stratigraphy of the Cookson Group of southwestern New Brunswick and adjacent Maine
No full textThe Ordovician Cookson Group in southwestern New Brunswick is divided into formations previously recognized in the adjacent area of Maine. However, the stratigraphic order of these formations is revised based on new fossil evidence. From the base upward, the revised Cookson Group comprises the Calais, Woodland, Pocomoonshine Lake, and Kendall Mountain formations; the latter formation contains newly discovered Caradocian graptolites.
The Digdeguash Formation, previously assigned to the Silurian, is now included in the Cookson Group, and is considered to be equivalent to the Woodland and Pocomoonshine Lake formations on the basis of lithological similarities. The contact between the Digdeguash Formation and the Silurian Flume Ridge Formation, previously interpreted to be gradational, is a major fault
RÉSUMÉ
Le Groupe de Cookson du sud-ouest du Nouveau-Brunswick est divisé en formations a déjà que l’on identifiées dans la région adjacente du Maine. Cependant l'ordre stratigraphique de ces formations a été révisé suite à la decouverte d'un nouveau site fossilifere. A partir du bas, le Groupe de Cookson révisé comprend les formations de Calais, Woodland, Pocomoonshine Lake et de Kendall Mountain; cette demiere contient des graptolites nouvellement découverts appartenant à l'Ordovicien moyen (Caradocien).
La Formation de Digdeguash, antérieurement considérée comme faisant partie du Silurien, est maintenant intégrée au Groupe de Cookson. La Formation de Digdeguash représente un faciès similaire à celui des formations Woodland et Pocomoonshine Lake. La zone de contact entre la Formation de Digdeguash et la Formation de Flume Ridge, d'âge silurien, antérieurement considérée comme graduelle est, en effet, une fait importante.
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Does hospital competition harm equity? Evidence from the English National Health Service
No full textWorking Pape
Myxococcus vastator Chambers & Sparks & Sydney & Livingstone & Cookson & Whitworth 2020, sp. nov.
No full textMyxococcus vastator sp. nov. Myxococcus vastator (vas.ta’tor L. masc. n. vastator the ravager, after its ability to devastate colonies of prey cells). Vegetative cells are Gram-negative bacilli tapering slightly at the ends, measuring 0.6–0.7 m m 3.0–6.0 m m in electron micrographs. Colonies exhibit swarming motility and appear pale brown on VY-2 agar (w/v 0.5% dried baker’s yeast, 0.1% CaCl 2 2H 2 O, and 1.5% agar). Fruiting bodies are irregular spheroids, orange in color. Aerobic growth was observed at 30 C and at pH 8.0–9.0. Growth was unaffected by the addition of 1% NaCl. Hydrolyzes arginine and urea. Assimilates malate. Cells prey with low efficiency upon E. coli TOP 10, Cl. nebraskensis DSM 7483, and U. maydis DSM 14603. DNA GC content is 69.9 mol%. The draft genome sequence of AM301 T is available from GenBank (accession JAAIYB01). The type strain (AM301 T ¼ NCCB 100768 T ¼ NBBC 114352 T) was isolated from soil collected in the parish of Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwlll lantysiliogogogoch, UK (gridref 53.22 N 4.19 W).Published as part of Chambers, James, Sparks, Natalie, Sydney, Natashia, Livingstone, Paul G, Cookson, Alan R & Whitworth, David E, 2020, Comparative Genomics and Pan-Genomics of the Myxococcaceae, including a Description of Five Novel Species: Myxococcus eversor sp. nov., Myxococcus llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogochensis sp. nov., Myxococcus vastator sp. nov., Pyxidicoccus caerfyrddinensis sp. nov., and Pyxidicoccus trucidator sp. nov., pp. 2289-2302 in Genome Biology and Evolution 12 (12) on page 2300, DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa212, http://zenodo.org/record/456162
Measuring change in health care equity using small area administrative data – evidence from the English NHS 2001-8
No full textThis study developed a method for measuring change in socio-economic equity in health care utilisation using small area level administrative data. Our method provides more detailed information on utilisation than survey data but only examines socio-economic differences between neighbourhoods rather than individuals. The context was the English NHS from 2001 to 2008, a period of accelerated expenditure growth and pro-competition reform. Hospital records for all adults receiving non-emergency hospital care in the English NHS from 2001 to 2008 were aggregated to 32,482 English small areas with mean population about 1,500 and combined with other small area administrative data. Regression models of utilisation were used to examine year-on-year change in the small area association between deprivation and utilisation, allowing for population size, age-sex composition and disease prevalence including (from 2003-8) cancer, chronic kidney disease, coronary heart disease, diabetes, epilepsy, hypertension, hypothyroidism, stroke, transient ischaemic attack and (from 2006-8) atrial fibrillation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obesity and heart failure. There was no substantial change in small area associations between deprivation and utilisation for outpatient visits, hip replacement, senile cataract, gastroscopy or coronary revascularisation, though overall non-emergency inpatient admissions rose slightly faster in more deprived areas than elsewhere. Associations between deprivation and disease prevalence changed little during the period, indicating that observed need did not grow faster in more deprived areas than elsewhere. We conclude that there was no substantial deterioration in socio-economic equity in health care utilisation in the English NHS from 2001 to 2008, and if anything, there may have been a slight improvement
Glial phagocytic clearance in Parkinson’s disease
No full textAbstract An emerging picture suggests that glial cells’ loss of beneficial roles or gain of toxic functions can contribute to neurodegenerative conditions. Among glial cells, microglia and astrocytes have been shown to play phagocytic roles by engulfing synapses, apoptotic cells, cell debris, and released toxic proteins. As pathogenic protein accumulation is a key feature in Parkinson’s disease (PD), compromised phagocytic clearance might participate in PD pathogenesis. In contrast, enhanced, uncontrolled and potentially toxic glial clearance capacity could contribute to synaptic degeneration. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying microglial and astrocytic phagocytosis, focusing on the possible implication of phagocytic dysfunction in neuronal degeneration. Several endo-lysosomal proteins displaying genetic variants in PD are highly expressed by microglia and astrocytes. We also present the evidence that lysosomal defects can affect phagocytic clearance and discuss the therapeutic relevance of restoring or enhancing lysosomal function in PD
Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 Mutations and Parkinson's Disease: Three Questions
No full textMutations in the gene encoding LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) were first identified in 2004 and have since been shown to be the single most common cause of inherited Parkinson's disease. The protein is a large GTP-regulated serine/threonine kinase that additionally contains several protein–protein interaction domains. In the present review, we discuss three important, but unresolved, questions concerning LRRK2. We first ask: what is the normal function of LRRK2? Related to this, we discuss the evidence of LRRK2 activity as a GTPase and as a kinase and the available data on protein–protein interactions. Next we raise the question of how mutations affect LRRK2 function, focusing on some slightly controversial results related to the kinase activity of the protein in a variety of in vitro systems. Finally, we discuss what the possible mechanisms are for LRRK2-mediated neurotoxicity, in the context of known activities of the protein
Myxococcus llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogochensis Chambers, Sparks, Sydney, Livingstone, Cookson & Whitworth, 2020, sp. nov.
No full textMyxococcus llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogochensis sp. nov. Myxococcus llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogochensis, (llan.fair.pwll.gwyn.gyll.gog.er.ych.wyrn.dro.bwllll.ant.ysil.iog.ogogoch.en’sis. N.L. masc. adj. llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogo chensis, pertaining to llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch, reflecting its isolation from soil collected in that parish [gridref 53.22 N 4.19 W]). Vegetative cells are Gram-negative bacilli tapering slightly at the ends, measuring 0.4–0.6 m m 4.0–7.0 m m in electron micrographs. Colonies exhibit swarming motility and appear pale brown on VY-2 agar (w/v 0.5% dried baker’s yeast, 0.1% CaCl 2 2H 2 O, and 1.5% agar). Fruiting bodies are irregular spheroids, orange in color. Aerobic growth was observed at 30 and 35 C and at pH 5.0–9.0. Growth was unaffected by the addition of 1–4% NaCl. Hydrolyzes esculin, gelatin, p -nitrophenyl- B -D- galactopyranoside, and urea. Assimilates N -acetyl-glucosamine, adipate, arabinose, glucose, malate, maltose, mannitol, mannose, and phenyl acetate. Cells prey with low efficiency upon E. coli TOP 10, Cl. nebraskensis DSM 7483, and U. maydis. DNA GC content is 68.7 mol%. The draft genome sequence of AM 401 T is available from GenBank (accession VIFM 01). The type strain (AM401 T ¼ NBRC 114351 T ¼ NBBC 100770 T) was isolated from soil collected in the parish of Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgo gerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch, UK (gridref 53.22 N 4.19 W).Published as part of Chambers, James, Sparks, Natalie, Sydney, Natashia, Livingstone, Paul G, Cookson, Alan R & Whitworth, David E, 2020, Comparative Genomics and Pan-Genomics of the Myxococcaceae, including a Description of Five Novel Species: Myxococcus eversor sp. nov., Myxococcus llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogochensis sp. nov., Myxococcus vastator sp. nov., Pyxidicoccus caerfyrddinensis sp. nov., and Pyxidicoccus trucidator sp. nov., pp. 2289-2302 in Genome Biology and Evolution 12 (12) on page 2300, DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa212, http://zenodo.org/record/456162
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Pyxidicoccus caerfyrddinensis Chambers & Sparks & Sydney & Livingstone & Cookson & Whitworth 2020, sp. nov.
No full textPyxidicoccus caerfyrddinensis sp. nov. Pyxidicoccus caerfyrddinensis (caer.fyrdd.in.en’sis N.L. masc. adj. caerfyrddinensis from Caerfyrddin, reflecting its isolation from soil sampled near Carmarthen [the Anglicized name for Caerfyrddin], Wales [51.86 N 4.31 W]). Vegetative cells are Gram-negative bacilli tapering slightly at the ends, measuring 0.7–0.8 m m 3.0–8.0 m m in electron micrographs. Colonies exhibit swarming motility and appear pale brown on VY-2 agar (w/v 0.5% dried baker’s yeast, 0.1% CaCl 2 2H 2 O, and 1.5% agar). Fruiting bodies are irregular spheroids, orange in color. Aerobic growth was observed at 30–40 C and at pH 6.0–9.0. Growth was unaffected by the addition of 1–3% NaCl. Hydrolyzes arginine, esculin, gelatin, p -nitrophenyl- B - D- galactopyranoside, and urea. Cells prey efficiently on Cl. nebraskensis DSM 7483, and with low efficiency upon E. coli TOP 10 and U. maydis DSM 14603. DNA GC content is 70.2 mol%. The draft genome sequence of CA032 A T is available from GenBank (accession JAAIYA01). The type strain (CA032 A T ¼ NCCB 100776 T ¼ NBBC 114353 T) was isolated from soil collected in Carmarthen, UK (gridref 51.86 N 4.31 W).Published as part of Chambers, James, Sparks, Natalie, Sydney, Natashia, Livingstone, Paul G, Cookson, Alan R & Whitworth, David E, 2020, Comparative Genomics and Pan-Genomics of the Myxococcaceae, including a Description of Five Novel Species: Myxococcus eversor sp. nov., Myxococcus llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogochensis sp. nov., Myxococcus vastator sp. nov., Pyxidicoccus caerfyrddinensis sp. nov., and Pyxidicoccus trucidator sp. nov., pp. 2289-2302 in Genome Biology and Evolution 12 (12) on page 2301, DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa212, http://zenodo.org/record/456162
"Closing the R&D Gap, Evaluating the Sources of R&D Spending"
No full textBoth spending and tax policies have been implemented in the United States with the goal of stimulating private sector research and development (R&D). Karier questions whether current R&D policy, especially the research and experimentation tax credit, can contribute to closing the gap between nondefense expenditures on R&D in the United States and such expenditures in other countries, such as Japan and Germany. He also explores possible changes to our current R&D policy to make it more effective.
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