1,720,964 research outputs found
Peer-to-Peer File Sharing
No full textTechnically, the term “peer to peer” (P2P) refers to the architecture of a network in which each node is not hierarchically connoted as simply a client or a server, but categorized according to its capabilities of hosting or receiving data. The fact that any node can be a peer means that it is both a client and a server at the same time. The only distinction is in the terminal nodes defined as host, which is essentially an exception or a new paradigm in the logic architecture of a network.
These systems have become quite popular, beginning in 1999 with Napster, a software that allowed the exchange and downloading of music (especially of .mp3) without paying royalties. Napster struggled with music's major labels and copyright laws, which led to the evolution of a P2P-based system for illegally sharing and downloading digital content such as audio/video and software
Dandyism
No full textSociological analysis of dandyism.The term “dandyism” refers to a British cultural movement of the late nineteenth century, within the Victorian era. It was a doctrine of elegance, finesse, and originality which was primarily concerned with language, sophisticated manners, and dress. An aphorism coined by the writer Gabriele D'Annunzio, one of the leading representatives of the Italian movement, perfectly sums up its essence: “living life as a work of art.” For that reason, “being dandy” became an expression not only of sophisticated dress, but of a proper lifestyle that expressed itself in every aspect of existence, such as attitude and personal tastes, and was superior from the point of view of social and cultural capital. This way of life was driven by a determination to stand out from the stereotype of the ordinary bourgeois man, and its aim was to rise above social conventions and the common way of thinking. In this sense, the dandy played a leading role in the society of its time, as an actor on a theater stage, shocking the audience with his eccentric and provocative style
Cooperatives
No full textA cooperative, commonly referred to as a “co-op,” is a voluntary association that is organized for the mutual benefit of a particular social, economic, and/or cultural agenda(s). The venerable idea of cooperative enterprise originated in Europe during the Middle Ages. In fact, the merchant guilds and trade associations of the Hanseatic League were built on the idea of cooperation. While various forms of cooperation have always existed in civil societies, the modern cooperative movement has its roots in the early industrial revolution as a response to industrial capitalism. A byproduct of this response is the cooperative's dualistic nature: its economic goal of making a profit and its social goal of redistributing wealth. Some countries simply classify cooperatives as nonprofit organizations, under the social or civic economy
Hyperconsumption
No full textThe term “hyperconsumption” is linked with the concept of a “new modernity,” which can be defined as a “civilization of desire,” according to Lipovetsky. Its birth can be dated from the second half of the twentieth century. The features of this concept are clearly identifiable in a capitalist matrix, that is, the incessant creation of new needs, aggressive forms of marketing, and an empowerment of demand. This leads to a new age characterized by the emergence of consumer capitalism as replacement for an economy based on production. While on the one hand this process of change has brought significant benefits such as increased possibilities for consumption, a new concept of space and time, and in general more opportunities for individuals to increase their social well-being, on the other hand, the new era is characterized by new pathologies, such as a bulimic approach to consumption, uncontrollable forms of entropy, and a constant search for satisfaction that seems out of reach and elusive
Symbolic Value
No full textSocial and anthropological analysis of the symbolic valueThe symbolic value of an object refers to the semantic and cultural universe linked to it, which allows consumers to express their identity and social membership. Goods are symbolic as opposed to their supposed functionality; they are symbolic because they represent embodied symbols. The value of a good, therefore, is not only connected to its tangible aspects, that is, its structural characteristics and usefulness, but it is dematerialized and becomes sign, symbol, and communication. A commodity tells a story and at the same time becomes a form of identity expression, with a code and a language that are reflected in the system of meanings attributed to it. This process of signification is developed through a subjective reworking that, however, can be extended to the collective level, through rituals of exchange and sharing. Cultural anthropology has undoubtedly been a particularly fertile field for the study of consumption as a practice of signification
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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