1,720,959 research outputs found
Local Understanding and Practices Related to IMCI Interventions in Eastern Tanzania
Full text linkThis PhD thesis presents findings of the health seeking component of the Tanzania Essential Health Intervention Project (TEHIP). It was carried out from 1998 to 2001 in two districts of southern Tanzania where Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) was introduced in 1997. The rationale is that best IMCI services are of little benefit, if they do not reach community and household levels. Caregivers need to understand and comply with IMCI core principles, i.e. learn to recognize the correct danger signs and seek prompt and effective treatment. The goal of our study was to contribute to increasing “community effectiveness” (Tanner et al. 1993) of health care in the study districts. Our specific objectives were to generate local knowledge to better adjust the IMCI interventions to local health seeking behavior and to improve the ways in which caretakers identify and manage common childhood illness. We define health seeking to encompass three dimensions: 1) health concepts including signs and symptoms recognized by the community; 2) aetiology comprising interpretations and explanations of illness; and 3) help seeking referring to home management and all forms of seeking help from experts, whether these are neighbors, traditional healers or health care staff. We first investigated the local illness terminology and the relative importance of symptom recognition and labeling in care-seeking. We found that local illness terms overlap with biomedical classifications such as “malaria”, but this overlap does not constitute direct correspondence. Caregivers rarely see a link between malaria and convulsions and create new links between convulsions and polio, tetanus and epilepsy. We identified intra-cultural diversity in symptom recognition and severity ranking of the same illness. Caregivers search for illness labels which are not only a name but contain information about treatment. In this search they face difficulties due to two reasons: 1) different illnesses produce similar symptoms, and 2) different persons provide changing and even contradictory advice and information. We introduce the term “fuzzy concept” and suggest that fuzziness can be explained by the diverse manifestations of malaria, by intra-cultural variability and/or by culture change confronting individual persons with multiple meanings. In a second step we analyze local aetiologies which we consider equally important for appropriate care-seeking as prompt recognition of danger signs and symptoms. Community aetiologies of IMCI related illness encompass a wide spectrum ranging from natural to supernatural causes. Some caregivers act on these notions, others are not interested in causes, and the majority remains ambivalent and pragmatic. A closer analysis of malaria-related aetiology shows that caregivers clearly attribute malaria to mosquito bites but have fragmented knowledge about the aetiology of homa (fever) and degedege (convulsions). We suggest that aetiological uncertainty leads to difficulties in therapy choice and thus to pragmatic ambivalence. In a third step we assess care-seeking in actual illness episodes. Caregivers make extensive use of formal health care facilities, not only for homa and malaria but for most other IMCI related illnesses. Exceptions are the folk illnesses degedege and kimeo (elongated uvula). The basic distinction found in many parts of Africa also applies to our study sites: 1) mild and “normal” malaria is first treated at home and if not cured brought to a formal health care facility; 2) severe forms of the disease presenting convulsions are rarely considered as malaria but as a distinct illness entity requiring traditional treatment at home or from a traditional healer. Our most important finding is that many children who suffer and sometimes even die from convulsions have had not only a history of homa but have even been diagnosed and treated for malaria in a health facility before they developed convulsions. In the fourth and final step we examine the impact of malaria care-seeking patterns on childhood mortality. Our findings show that nearly 80 percent of malaria-attributable deaths used modern biomedical care as a first resort, both in the form of antimalarial pharmaceuticals from shops or formal health care services. If care was sought more than once in these fatal cases, modern care was included in the first or second resort in 90 percent with convulsions and 99 percent without convulsions. There clearly is an urgent need for a thorough analysis of what is happening in these cases. Health providers often formulate the problem of recurrent illness in terms of a delay in treatment or a lack of adherence to treatment regimes. We argue that victim blaming does not bring us any further. Our case studies demonstrate that many mothers make an enormous effort in time, energy and money searching for the best care for their child. They should be supported rather than blamed by the health system
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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