1,721,048 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Tectonic analysis of mantle convection models
No full textLa théorie de la tectonique des plaques permet de décrire les mouvements de premier ordre qui opèrent à la surface de la Terre. S'il est acquis que la convection dans le manteau terrestre en est le moteur, les liens entre les phénomènes profonds et les caractéristiques tectoniques de la surface restent largement méconnus. Jusqu'à très récemment, les modèles de convection du manteau terrestre ne produisaient pas de tectonique de surface pouvant être comparée à celle de la Terre. Récemment, des modèles globaux de convection qui reproduisent une tectonique de surface comparable à la Terre au premier ordre ont été mis au point. Ces modèles produisent des courants mantelliques ascendants et descendants de grande échelle et des déformations localisées en surface dans les zones de divergence et les zones de convergence. Ils génèrent une expansion des fonds océaniques de manière auto-cohérente proche de celle reconstruite pour les 200 derniers millions d'années de l'histoire de la Terre et une dérive de continents similaire à celle observée grâce au paléomagnétisme. Cette thèse s'inscrit parmi les premières tentatives d'utilisation de modèles de convection sphériques auto-organisés à des fins de compréhension de la tectonique de surface. La tectonique produite dans ce type de modèles de convection sera caractérisée finement à travers l'étude des limites de plaques, de leur agencement et de leurs vitesses de déplacement. L'objectif est de pouvoir comparer qualitativement et quantitativement les résultats des calculs de convection avec les reconstructions des mouvements de la surface terrestre grâce à la tectonique des plaques et aux observations de terrain. Dans cette optique, les limites tectoniques ont été définies à la main dans un premier temps afin de comprendre la physique qui gouverne l'agencement caractéristique des plaques tectoniques terrestres. En effet, celle-ci est composée de sept grandes plaques et plusieurs petites dont la répartition statistique indique deux processus de mise en place distincts. Nous avons déterminé les processus responsables de la mise en place de l'agencement caractéristique des plaques tectoniques en surface en faisant varier la résistance de la lithosphère. Plus la lithosphère est résistante, plus la longueur totale et la courbure des zones de subduction diminue à la surface des modèles. Cela s'accompagne également d'une diminution du nombre de petites plaques. En étudiant la fragmentation au niveau des jonctions triples, nous avons montré que les petites plaques étaient associées aux géométries courbées des fosses océaniques. En revanche, les grandes plaques sont contrôlées par les grandes longueurs d'onde de la convection mantellique. Ces deux processus impliquent deux temps de réorganisation, c'est-à-dire l'apparition et la disparition d'une plaque plongeante dans le manteau terrestre (environ 100 millions d'années) pour les grandes plaques, alors que l'échelle de temps de réorganisation des petites plaques dépend des mouvements des fosses et est ainsi plus rapide d'un ordre de grandeur. Afin d'effectuer des analyses quantitatives rapides, des méthodes d'analyse automatique de la surface et de l'intérieur des modèles ont été développées. La première technique concerne la détection automatique des plaques tectoniques à la surface des modèles (ADOPT). ADOPT est un outil de détection basé sur une technique de segmentation d'images utilisée pour détecter des bassins versants. Les champs à la surface des modèles sont transformés en reliefs, soit directement, soit après un processus de filtrage. Cette détection permet d'obtenir des polygones de plaques comparable aux analyses réalisées à la main. Une autre technique de détection a été mise au point pour étudier les panaches mantelliques [etc...]Plate tectonics theory describes first order surface motions at the surface of the Earth. Although it is agreed upon that convection in the mantle drives the plates, the relationships between deep dynamics and surface tectonics are still largely unknown. Until recently, mantle convection models could not produce surface tectonics that could be compared to that of the Earth. New global models are able to form large-scale ascending and descending mantle currents, as well as narrow regions of localized deformation at the surface where convergence and divergence occur. These models selfconsistently generate an expansion of the oceanic floor similar to that of the last 200 million years on Earth, and continental drift similar to what can be reconstructed with palaeomagnetism. This Ph.D. thesis constitutes one of the first attempts to use self-organised, spherical convection models in order to better understand surface tectonics. Here, the tectonics produced by the models is finely charaterized through the study of plate boundaries, their organisation and their velocities. The goal is to be able to compare qualitatively and quantitatively the results of convection computations with surface motions, as reconstructed using the rules of plate tectonics and field observations. Plate boundaries emerging from the models were first traced and analyzed by hand so as to understand the physics that govern the typical organization of the tectonics plates on Earth. It is characterised by seven large plates and several smaller ones, following a statistical distribution that suggests that two distinct physical processes control the plates’ layout. We have determined the processes responsible for this distribution while varying the strength of the lithosphere (the yield stress). In our models, the stronger the lithosphere, the greater the total subduction length and their curvature, and the fewer the small plates. By studying surface fragmentation with triple junctions, we showed that the formation of small plates is associated with oceanic trench curvature. Large plates, however, are controlled by the long wavelengths of the convection cells. These two processes involve two different reorganisation times, controlled either by the accretion and the subduction of the large plates (about 100 Myrs), or by trench motions for the smaller plates. In order to improve the efficiency of our analysis, we have developed automated methods to study the surface and the interior of the models. The first technique is about detecting the tectonic plates automatically at the surface of the models. It is called ADOPT. It is a tool based on image segmentation technique to detect the watersheds. The surface fields of the convection models are converted into a relief field, either directly or using a distance method. This automatic detection allows to obtain plates polygons similar to the hand analysis. Another technique of detection has been developed to study mantle plumes. These analyzes were used to determine the driving forces behind the plates layout, to quantify the timing of reorganizations and to evaluate the implication of the models rheology on the surface distribution. These new analytical tools and the constant evolution of the quality of mantle convection models allow us to improve our understanding of the link between mantle dynamics and surface tectonics, but also to target necessary improvements in the convection models use
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Reconstruction of Mantle Circulation Using Sequential Data Assimilation
No full textCette thèse vise à proposer de nouvelles méthodes permettant de reconstruire la circulation dans le manteau terrestre et l'évolution de la tectonique de surface pour les deux cents derniers millions d'années. Nous utilisons des modèles numériques de convection mantellique dans lesquels la dynamique de surface est comparable à la tectonique terrestre. En combinant ces modèles avec des reconstructions de la tectonique des plaques il est possible d'estimerla structure et l'évolution du champ de température dans le manteau. Jusqu'à présent, l'inclusion des reconstructions de la tectonique des plaques se faisait en imposant des conditions aux limites du modèle (équilibre des forces, vitesses imposées...). Ces techniques, bien que permettant de tester la validité de différents scénarios tectoniques alternatifs, n'autorisent pas de rétroaction dynamique de la convection mantellique sur la tectonique de surface.Dans ce travail, nous avons développé des techniques d'assimilation de données permettant d'intégrer les reconstructions de la tectonique des plaques dans un modèle numérique tout en laissant se développer de manière auto-cohérente cette rétroaction. Les techniques développées permettent également de prendre en compte les incertitudes associées aux reconstructions de la tectonique des plaques et de calculer les erreurs sur l'estimation finale de la circulationmantellique.Dans un premier temps, nous avons développé un filtre de Kalman suboptimal qui permet d'estimer la structure et l'évolution de la circulation mantellique la plus probable à partir d'un modèle numérique de convection et d'une sérietemporelle d'observations de surface, ainsi que de leurs incertitudes respectives.Ce filtre a été testé sur des expériences synthétiques. Celles-ci consistent à tenter de retrouver une évolution témoin à partir d'une série temporelle de données issues de cette évolution. Ces expériences ont montré qu'il était possible, enprincipe, de reconstruire la structure et l'évolution de l'ensemble du manteau à partir d'observations de vitesses et de flux de chaleur à la surface.Dans un second temps, nous avons développé un filtre de Kalman d'ensemble. Ce filtre permet non seulement d'estimer de manière plus précise la géométrie des structures mantelliques, mais aussi les incertitudes sur cette estimation.This dissertation focuses on the developpement of data assimilation methods to reconstruct the circulation of the Earth's mantle and the evolution of its surface tectonics for the last 200~Myrs. We use numerical models of mantle convection in which the surface dynamics is similar to the Earth's. By combining these models with plate tectonics reconstructions, it is possible to estimate the structure and evolution of the temperature field of the mantle. So far, the assimilation of plate tectonics reconstructions was done by imposing specific boundary conditions in the model (force balance, imposed velocities...). These techniques, although insightful to test the likeliness of alternative tectonic scenarios, do not allow the full expression of the dynamical feedback between mantle convection and surface tectonics. We develop sequential data assimilation techniques able to assimilate plate tectonics reconstructions in a numerical model while simultaneously letting this dynamicalfeedback develop self-consistently. Moreover, these techniques take into account errors in plate tectonics reconstructions, and compute the error on the final estimation of mantle circulation.First, we develop a suboptimal Kalman filter. This filter estimates the most likely structure and evolution of mantle circulation from a numerical model of mantle convection, a time series of surface observations and the uncertainty on both. This filter was tested on synthetic experiments. The principle of a synthetic experiment is to apply the data assimilation algorithm to a set of synthetic observations obtained from a reference run, and to then compare the obtained estimation of the evolution with the reference evolution. The synthetic experiments we conducted showed that it was possible, in principle, to reconstruct the structure and evolution of the whole mantle from surface velocities and heat flux observations.Second, we develop an Ensemble Kalman Filter. Instead of estimating the most likely evolution, an ensemble of possible evolutions are computed. This technique leads to a better estimation of the geometry of mantle structures and a more complete estimation of the uncertainties associated
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
The role of convective mixing in degassing the Earth's mantle
No full textBecause the chemical evolution of the mantle depends on the way rocks are processed at the surface of the Earth and on the efficiency of convective mixing, the goal of the present paper is to quantify how mixing and processing depend on convection parameters (Rayleigh number, heating mode and viscosity stratification). An extensive set of simple 2D convection simulations with passive tracers is built to compute bulk (a) Lagrangian strain rates to evaluate mixing efficiency and (b) processing histories. At high Rayleigh number, the strain rate is only a function of the velocity of the flow, whatever the heating mode or viscosity stratification. Though this is not the case in low Rayleigh number experiments with basal heating where a transition regime is observed with inefficient mixing though chaotic. The simulations show that the processing efficiency depends a lot on the heating mode : the probability of sampling primordial rocks is larger with internal heating than with basal heating. Scaling laws are proposed to parameterize mantle processing histories and it is predicted that in a 300~K hotter Earth, free convection can account for the mantle early degassing (more than 90% in less than 100~Myrs)
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