105,837 research outputs found
Contribuições da enfermagem para a detecção precoce do câncer de colo uterino
No full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Florianópolis, 2011Neste estudo analisam-se o câncer de colo uterino como problema social e as contribuições da enfermagem na realização de testes para detectá-lo precocemente. Metodologicamente se fundamenta na epidemiologia descritiva e na revisão sistemática. Os resultados são apresentados na forma de artigos. No primeiro, Câncer de colo do útero: um problema social mundial, é analisado o câncer de colo de útero como problema social. Estudo transversal, com dados populacionais coletados na base de dados Globocan-2008. Foram utilizados dados das Taxas de Incidência e das Taxas de Mortalidade por 100.000 mulheres e percentuais de risco acumulado de incidência e mortalidade antes dos 75 anos pela doença nas regiões desenvolvidas e em desenvolvimento do mundo. Na análise são aplicadas as classificações da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) de desenvolvimento dos países ou regiões com base em projeções sociais e demográficas e os níveis de classificação das Taxas de Incidência e de Mortalidade do International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). O segundo artigo, Câncer de colo do útero: mortalidade em Santa Catarina # Brasil, 2000 a 2009, foi desenvolvido com base nos dados dos óbitos de mulheres por câncer de colo do útero, inclusive os de porção não especificada, ocorridos em Santa Catarina no período de 2000 a 2009, obtidos no Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade (SIM) do Ministério da Saúde e do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Observou-se que as taxas de mortalidade mais elevadas incidiram em mulheres a partir dos trinta anos e que o câncer de colo uterino ainda não foi controlado. No terceiro artigo, A enfermagem na detecção precoce do câncer de colo uterino: revisão sistemática, são analisadas as contribuições da Enfermagem para a detecção precoce dessa neoplasia. Revisão sistemática com artigos recuperados no ano de 2010 nas bases de dados MEDLINE, Cochrane, CINHAHL e LILACS. Dos 3091 artigos identificados, após leitura de título e resumo foram pré-selecionados 174, os quais foram lidos integralmente, resultando na seleção de 10 artigos. O pessoal de enfermagem atuou como participante em nove pesquisas e como pesquisador em três pesquisas. A maioria dos artigos foi classificada com o nível de evidência 3B segundo a classificação Oxford; somente um obteve nível 4. Há contribuição de Enfermagem na realização de exames para detecção precoce do câncer de colo uterino, apesar do nível de evidência com que foram classificados os artigos. Conclui-se que o impacto da doença nas mulheres, nas suas famílias e nas sociedades demanda modificações no quadro das iniquidades sociais com adoção de estratégias intersetoriais que também facilitem o acesso aos serviços de saúde. O cuidado de enfermagem é uma estratégia para atender a responsabilidade social com as mulheres, as famílias e as sociedades e contribuir na detecção precoce da doença, favorecendo a qualidade de vida de milhares de mulheres.In this study cervix cancer is analyzed as a social problem and the contribution of nursing in applying screening tests for the early detection of cervical cancer. Methodology is based on descriptive epidemiology and a systematic review. The results were presented like articles. In the first article, Cervical cancer: a social problem, and analyzing cervical cancer as a social problem. Cross sectional Study, with population data collected using the Globocan-2008 databases. Data from incidence and mortality rates per 100.000 women, and accumulated risk rates of cervical cancer incidence and mortality before the age of 75 in developed and developing regions of the world were used. In the analysis, the United Nations Organization classifications of countries or regions development based on social and demographic projections and the levels of classification of the incidence and mortality rates of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) are applied. The second article, Cervical Cancer: Mortality in Santa Catarina # Brazil, 2000 to 2009, obtained from the Information Mortality System (SIM) of the Ministry of Health and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). It was observed that the Mortality rate was higher in women in their early thirties and in whom the cervical cancer was not yet controlled. In the third article, Contributions of Nursing in the early detection of cervical cancer: systematic review. The contributions of nursing for the early detection of the disease were analyzed. Systematic review with articles recovered in the year of 2010 from MEDLINE, Cochrane, CINAHL and LILACS databases. After reading the titles and abstracts of the articles, from 3091 identified, 174 were pre-selected and read exhaustively resulting in the selection of 10 articles. The nursing staff participated in nine of the researches and in three of them they participated as researchers. Most of the articles had a level of evidence 3B, in the Oxford classification; only one of them had a level 4. There are also nursing contributions in the application of tests for the early detection of cervical cancer despite the level of evidence in which the articles were classified. It is concluded that the impact of the disease in women, their families and the society demand modifications in the role of social inequities with the adoption of inter-sector strategies that also facilitate the access to health services. Nursing care is a strategy to attend the social responsibility with women, their families and the society and contribute in the early detection of diseases, favoring the quality of life of millions of women
Critical assessment of mean field models based on effective interactions
No full textMean field schemes, from simple Hartree–Fock plus random phase approximation calculations
of the ground and excited states to more sophisticated approaches which include pairing as well, have been
popular for quite a long time. In these models, the input is an effective interaction. We still lack a precise
link between this interaction and a more fundamental theory; however, there have been various new recent
attempts to correlate empirical pieces of evidence about nuclear (and neutron) matter, or experimental
results, with the properties of the effective interactions. In this contribution, we claim that, while we have
indeed made some progress in our understanding of certain features of the interactions, we are still missing
a clue about its proper density dependence and about its isovector properties
Nuclear density functional theory
No full textThe goal of nuclear structure physics is to provide a complete understanding of the static properties of atomic nuclei, their excitation spectra, their response to external fields and their decays. While it is hard to achieve these goals within a single framework, so that there is no nuclear 'standard model', it is clear that nuclear Density Functional Theory (DFT) has probably the widest range of applicability so far. In this paper, we try to put DFT in a broader context, with frequent comparisons to electronic DFT. We also include a discussion of the relationships with ab initio methods and Effective Field Theories (EFTs) in general, as well as a short survey of the quite large number of applications. Although written with a personal and possibly biased perspective, the paper aims at fostering cross-fertilizations with other domains of science
Constraints, limits and extensions for nuclear energy density functionals
No full textIn the present contribution, we discuss the behavior of Skyrme forces when they are employed to study both neutron stars and giant resonance states in 208Pb within the fully self-consistent Random Phase Approximation (RPA). We point out that clear correlations exist between the results for the isoscalar monopole and isovector dipole resonances (ISGMR and IVGDR), and definite quantities which characterize the equation of state (EOS) of uniform matter. We propose that the RPA results or, to some extent, the mentioned EOS parameters, are used as constraints when a force is fitted. This suggestion can be valid also when the fit of a more general energy density functional is envisaged. We use our considerations to select a limited number of Skyrme forces (10) out of a large sample of 78 interactions
Heavy nuclei : Introduction to density functional theory and variations on the theme⋆
No full textDensity Functional Theory (DFT) is based on the rigorous Hohenberg-Kohn (HK) theorem, that has been first introduced for electronic systems but holds for all fermionic systems including atomic nuclei. Currently, DFT has reached a high level of sophistication, and represents a suitable tool for a self-consistent, quantitative description of bulk nuclear properties (like masses, radii and deformations) of all nuclei except, perhaps, the lightest ones. Furthermore, time-dependent calculations within the same framework account for the observed properties of several different types of nuclear collective motion. In this paper, we introduce these topics by assuming only a previous knowledge of general quantum mechanics and of basic nuclear phenomenology (we actually review some parts of it)
The compression modes in atomic nuclei and their relevance for the nuclear equation of state
No full textAccurate assessment of the value of the incompressibility coefficient, K-infinity of symmetric nuclear matter, which is directly related to the curvature of the equation of state (EOS), is needed to extend our knowledge of the EOS in the vicinity of the saturation point. We review the current status of K-infinity as determined from experimental data on isoscalar giant monopole and dipole resonances (compression modes) in nuclei by employing the microscopic theory based on the Random Phase Approximation (RPA). The importance of full self-consistent calculations is emphasized. In recent years, a comparision between RPA calculations based on either non-relativistic effective interactions or relativistic Lagrangians has been pursued in great detail. It has been pointed out that these two types of models embed different ansatz for the density dependence of the symmetry energy. This fact has consequences on the extraction of the nuclear incompressibility, as it is discussed. The comparison with other ways of extracting K-infinity from experimental data is highlighted
The symmetry energy and other open questions concerning effective functionals
No full textThe nuclear structure community is striving to determine a nuclear energy functional which is as universal and as accurate as possible. When a functional is determined by fitting free parameters, the constraints on these parameters coming from excited states (like the well-known giant resonances) are not, as a rule, imposed. This work shows that at least three constraints could be imposed on Skyrme functionals, by explaining the physical background and discussing their relevance
Perfil das mulheres com câncer de colo de útero usuárias do hospital Agostinho Neto - Cabo Verde
No full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Florianópolis, 2010Objetivos: Traçar o perfil das mulheres com câncer de colo de útero usuárias do Hospital Agostinho Neto - Cabo Verde. Método: Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico descritivo, baseado na análise de 100 registros de casos notificados de câncer de colo de útero pelo banco estatístico do hospital Agostinho Neto. Utilizou-se o programa Epi Info 9.0 para digitação, análise e criação do banco de dados, através de apresentação de percentagens, e intervalos de confiança (95%). Resultados: Os resultados revelam que 85% (IC 95% 4,7-11,7) das mulheres foram atendidas na secção de ginecologia, logo tiveram um tratamento adequado. A maioria das ocorrências de câncer cervical observou-se nas mulheres de naturalidade da Cidade da Praia (74%); ilha de Santiago (97%); residentes também na Praia (74%). Pacientes compreendida entre 38 a 59 anos de idade com 51% de prevalencia de câncer cervical, casadas (45%), tendo a ocupação de domestica (39%) sem salário remunerado e vivem com um parceiro (67%). O nivel de escolaridade é baixo quando comparada com as analfabetas (22%). Dentre elas de 17-20 anos iniciaram a atividade sexual tardia (50%), o inicio da menarca deu-se entre 14-16 anos, destaca-se pacientes com 1 a 3 filhos (66%). Das 100 mulheres praticamente todas teve presença de HPV menos 3%, também elas não usam preservativo que é o primeiro método de prevenção já que não há vendas de vacinas anti-HPV em Cabo Verde. Conclusão: Ressalta-se a necessidade de estudos mais aprofundados para avaliar a associação entre câncer de colo uterino com outros fatores em Cabo Verde e um estudo que extrapole para a população. O perfil oncologico descreve que são mulheres com um parceiro, não têm o hábito de fazer consultas ginecológicas periodicamente, vivem na Capital (Praia), ilha de Santiago e muitas residem em bairros periféricos com posto de saude sem ginecologista de acompanhamento, analfabetas ou com um grau razoável de escolaridade, domésticas, com bastantes filhos. É importante a questão da sensibilização da população, em saber onde procurar assistência médica e também consultas de ginecologia sempre, pelo menos duas vezes por ano. A educação sexual, ainda é outro factor importante da prevenção do carcinoma cervical, através de uma orientação do uso correcto de preservativos, de modo a desmotivar a promiscuidade sexual e o início precoce da actividade sexual. Há uma necessidade de programas voltados para as mulheres com pouco acesso as informações e incentivo na procura de consultas ginecológicas nem só para as mulheres das zonas rurais como também para as da Cidade da Praia que vivem em bairros periféricos
The inclusion of tensor terms in the nonrelativistic nuclear energy density functionals
No full textThis contribution is intended to briefly review recent attempts to include tensor terms in effective nuclear Energy Density Functionals (EDFs). We stress that effective tensor forces should not be conflused with the well-known bare tensor force. Consistently with the basic idea of EDFs, collective states are shown to provide better constraints for the tensor parameters, as compared with single-particle states. In fact, basic limitations of the description of the single-particle strength in atomic nuclei provided by EDFs, are highlighted in the last part of this contribution
Some open questions for microscopic nuclear structure models and hints for spectroscopic measurements
No full textThis contribution aims at updating the non-expert reader about the successes and the drawbacks of nuclear structure models which describe the ground-state properties. The main emphasis is on models based on Density Functional Theory (DFT), with a personal bias towards the nonrelativistic implementations. After a survey about ground-state masses and a short discussion on nuclear radii, it is argued that one of the most relevant open problems is the description of single-particle states and more generally of detailed spectroscopic properties. Overall (i. e., bulk) properties are easier to reproduce and thus, less capable to discriminate between competing theories. Accordingly, it is concluded that trap-assisted detailed spectroscopic measurements are the most useful in order to improve our understanding of nuclei
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