1,721,035 research outputs found
Modelisation of Non Crimp Fabric for forming simulations : Experimental and numerical study of stitching effects
No full textLes composites à fibres continues (carbone, verre) sont régulièrement employés dans les industries du transport (automobile, aéronautique) pour leurs excellentes performances mécaniques rapportées à leur masse. Alors que les renforts tissés sont largement utilisés et étudiés, on constate un intérêt croissant pour les renforts cousus appelés « non crimp fabric » (NCF). Ces renforts sont constitués de plis de fibres unidirectionnels juxtaposés, non tissés, mais cousus entre eux à l’aide d’un fil de couture. Ils permettent une plus grande variété d’empilements et optimisent les propriétés du composite en réduisant l’entrelacement des fibres. La fabrication de pièces composites par des procédés automatisés tel que le RTM (Resin Transfert Molding) implique de mettre en forme les renforts fibreux pour obtenir des géométries 3D complexes. La mise en forme des NCF est fortement impactée par la présence de la couture. Le développement d’outils de simulation adaptés doit permettre d’optimiser la fabrication de ces produits. Ce travail s’intéresse au rôle mécanique de la couture lors de la mise en forme. L’étude porte sur différents renforts NCF, des essais expérimentaux et des simulations par éléments finis en dynamique explicite. En s’inspirant de travaux antérieurs sur les renforts tissés, différentes approches de modélisation sont proposées pour les NCF à l’échelle macroscopique : intégration du fil et du motif de couture dans les lois de comportement ; développement de modèles mixant des éléments finis continus pour les nappes de fibres, et semi-discrets pour les coutures. Les performances de ces différentes approches sont confrontées aux résultats expérimentaux. Enfin, une nouvelle contribution est apportée pour la prise en compte de la rigidité de flexion dans le plan des renforts fibreux, en généralisant l’utilisation des éléments finis de coque dit « rotation-free » pour le calcul de l’ensemble des courbures (hors plan et dans le plan).Continuous fibre composites (carbon, glass) are regularly used in the transport industries (automotive, aeronautics) for their excellent mechanical performance in relation to their mass. While woven reinforcements are widely used and studied, there is a growing interest in stitched reinforcements called "non crimp fabric" (NCF). These reinforcements consist of juxtaposed plies of unidirectional fibres , non-woven, but sewn together with a stitching thread. They allow a greater variety of fibre orientation and optimize the properties of the composite by reducing fiber interweaving. The manufacture of composite parts by automated processes such as RTM (Resin Transfer Molding) involves the forming of fibrous reinforcements to obtain complex 3D geometries. The draping of NCFs is strongly impacted by the presence of the stiching thread. The development of simulation tools should enable the manufacture of these products to be optimize. This work focuses on the mechanical role of stitching during forming. The study focuses on experimental tests and finite element simulations in explicit dynamics of various NCF reinforcements. Different modelling approaches at macroscopic scale are proposed for NCFs, based on previous work on woven reinforcements : integration of stitched thread and the stitch pattern into the laws of behaviour; development of models mixing continuous finite elements for fibre modelisation, and semi-discrete models for the stitch. The performance of these different approaches is compared with experimental results. Finally, a new contribution is add to consider the bending rigidity in the plane of the fibrous reinforcements by generalizing the use of finite elements shell called "rotation-free" for the calculation of all the curvatures (out of plane and in the plane)
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Composite forming simulation for non-crimp fabrics based on generalized continuum approaches – AMECOMP : Abschlussbericht / Final project report (DFG 431354059 / ANR-19-CE06-0031)
Get PDFContinuously carbon fiber reinforced composites are increasingly used for structural applications in various fields of engineering due to their excellent weight-specific mechanical properties. Non-crimp-fabrics (NCF) provide the highest lightweight potential as reinforcement for the composite due to their straight fibers, compared to woven fabrics with undulated fibers. NCFs are made of one (UD-NCF), two (Biax-NCF) or more directions of fibers linked together with a polymer stitching in specific patterns. The deformation behavior of NCFs is challenging due to the interaction between the fibers and the stitching, which also results in a higher susceptibility to forming effects such as roving slippage, fiber waviness and gapping compared to woven fabrics. The aim of the AMECOMP project was to improve the understanding of the forming behavior of NCFs and to develop suitable simulation models to broaden the range of potential applications. Mesoscopic models that accurately describe the architecture of the NCF were developed for virtual material characterization and detailed analysis of forming defects in critical areas. Macroscopic models that describe the relevant deformation mechanisms of NCF in a homogenized way were developed for efficient analysis of large components and multi-layer stacks
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Hygromécanique du matériau bois appliquée à la conservation du patrimoine culturel
No full textUntil canvas became the most popular support medium in the 16th century, wood was used in numerous paintings which represent today a significant part of our cultural heritage, particularly in museums and churches. A few centuries later, wooden panel paintings exhibit cupping deformations: this cupping is generally interpreted as the consequence of asymmetrical moisture exchanges through panel thickness due to the painted layer. It is also known that wood growth rings and orthotropic orientation are possible causes of deformations due to drying. History of the climatic variations near the panel raises the complex question of time-dependant (thermo-hygro-mechanical) behavior of wood. Better understanding of such behavior could help wood scientists and curators in taking decisions relating to panel transport or museum climate regulations. We suggest a general mechanical approach of this problem, dealing with both material (wood) and structure (panel) point of view. The method includes experimental, theoretical and numerical aspects. Particular attention is put on interaction between wood material (anisotropy, hygromechanical couplings) and the structural level (sawing pattern of panel, joints between planks). A numerical calculation tool is developed, based on orthotropic plate theory and existing heat and mass transfer formulation: numerical simulations are performed to discuss the conservation of a 500 years old wooden panel located in a French church.Avant la généralisation des toiles vers le XVI-XVIIème siècle, le bois a servi de support à d'innombrables peintures qui constituent aujourd'hui une part importante, dans les musées et les églises notamment, de notre patrimoine culturel. Après plusieurs siècles d'existence, les planches servant de support aux panneaux peints sont très souvent courbées : cette courbure est généralement imputée à la présence unilatérale de la couche picturale, imposant des échanges asymétriques d'humidité entre le bois, matériau hygroscopique, et son environnement de conservation. Par ailleurs il existe dans ces déformations une forte contribution de l'orthotropie cylindrique du bois qui est une conséquence de la croissance des arbres. Enfin, l'historique des variations hygrométriques à proximité d'un panneau peint renvoie à l'étude plus générale du comportement thermo-hygro-mécanique différé du bois. Une compréhension d'ensemble de ces phénomènes doit permettre d'orienter des décisions difficiles de conservation, notamment celles relatives au déplacement des œuvres ou à la maîtrise des environnements dans les musées. Nous proposons dans ce travail une approche générale de mécanique du matériau et des structures bois appliquée aux panneaux peints. La méthode utilisée intègre des moyens expérimentaux en laboratoire et sur des œuvres in-situ, des méthodes numériques, et l'accent est mis sur le lien fort existant entre les aspects " comportement " propres au bois (anisotropie, couplages hygromécaniques, etc.) et les aspects de structure relatifs aux panneaux peints (débit des planches, efforts extérieurs dus à leur assemblage, etc.). Un outil de calcul basé sur la modélisation mécanique des plaques orthotropes est développé. Il prend appui sur un code préexistant de transfert de masse et de chaleur décrivant les mouvements d'eau dans le support. Ce code de calcul complet est utilisé notamment sur un cas d'étude : un panneau peint de 500 ans environ, en situation d'exposition dans une église
Hygromechanical behavior of wood in cultural heritage : about the panel paintings curvature
No full textAvant la généralisation des toiles vers le XVI-XVII ème siècle, le bois a servi de support à d’innombrables peintures qui constituent aujourd’hui une part importante, dans les musées et les églises notamment, de notre patrimoine culturel. Après plusieurs siècles d’existence, les planches servant de support aux panneaux peints sont très souvent courbées : cette courbure est généralement imputée à la présence unilatérale de la couche picturale,imposant des échanges asymétriques d’humidité entre le bois, matériau hygroscopique, et son environnement de conservation. Par ailleurs il existe dans ces déformations une forte contribution de l’orthotropie cylindrique du bois qui est une conséquence de la croissance des arbres. Enfin, l’historique des variations hygrométriques à proximité d’un panneau peint renvoie à l’étude plus générale du comportement thermo-hygro-mécanique différé du bois.Une compréhension d’ensemble de ces phénomènes doit permettre d’orienter des décisions difficiles de conservation, notamment celles relatives au déplacement des œuvres ou à la maîtrise des environnements dans les musées. Nous proposons dans ce travail une approche générale de mécanique du matériau et des structures bois appliquée aux panneaux peints. La méthode utilisée intègre des moyens expérimentaux en laboratoire et sur des œuvres in-situ, des méthodes numériques, et l’accent est mis sur le lien fort existant entre les aspects « comportement » propres au bois (anisotropie, couplages hygromécaniques, etc.) et les aspects de structure relatifs aux panneaux peints (débit des planches, efforts extérieurs dus à leur assemblage, etc.). Un outil de calcul basé sur la modélisation mécanique des plaques orthotropes est développé. Il prend appui sur un code préexistant de transfert de masse et de chaleur décrivant les mouvements d’eau dans le support. Ce code de calcul complet est utilisé notamment sur un cas d’étude : un panneau peint de 500 ans environ, en situation d’exposition dans une église.Until canvas became the most popular support medium in the 16th century, wood was used in numerous paintings which represent today a significant part of our cultural heritage,particularly in museums and churches. A few centuries later, wooden panel paintings exhibit cupping deformations: this cupping is generally interpreted as the consequence of asymmetrical moisture exchanges through panel thickness due to the painted layer. It is also known that wood growth rings and orthotropic orientation are possible causes ofdeformations due to drying. History of the climatic variations near the panel raises thecomplex question of time-dependant (thermo-hygro-mechanical) behavior of wood. Betterunderstanding of such behavior could help wood scientists and curators in taking decisions relating to panel transport or museum climate regulations. We suggest a general mechanical approach of this problem, dealing with both material (wood) and structure (panel) point ofview. The method includes experimental, theoretical and numerical aspects. Particular attention is put on interaction between wood material (anisotropy, hygromechanicalcouplings) and the structural level (sawing pattern of panel, joints between planks). Anumerical calculation tool is developed, based on orthotropic plate theory and existing heatand mass transfer formulation: numerical simulations are performed to discuss theconservation of a 500 years old wooden panel located in a French church
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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