1,734 research outputs found
Southernmost occurrence of the slender tuna, Allothunnus fallai, off Tierra del Fuego, South Atlantic Ocean
No full textThe slender tuna, Allothunnus fallai Serventy 1948, is an epipelagic scombrid with a circumglobal distribution in the Southern Ocean from about 20–50°S (Warashina and Hisada 1972; Collette and Nauen 1983), south to 54°S in the South Pacific (Yatsu 1995), with three exceptions from the North Pacific (Schaefer and Childers 1999). Recently, an adult male, 784-mm fork length (Fig. 1) was taken further south in the South Atlantic, at 53°25′S, 64°23′W off Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. It was caught while trawling at 167 m on March 12, 2007 by the fishing vessel Tai An. The surface water temperature was 8°C and the salinity 33.59 parts per thousand (ppt). The specimen has been deposited in the fish collection of the Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero under number INIDEP 801.Fil: Collette, Bruce B.. National Museum of Natural History; Estados UnidosFil: Díaz de Astarloa, Juan Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; Argentin
Learning Phonological Grammars for Output-Driven Maps
No full textThe challenge of simultaneously learning a lexicon of underlying forms and a constraint ranking has been addressed by several scholars in recent work (Apoussidou 2007, Jarosz 2006, Merchant 2008, Tesar 2006). In particular, the proposal of Merchant, the Contrast Pair and Ranking information algorithm (CPR), avoids having to explicitly enumerate all possible underlying forms for each morpheme (in contrast to Apoussidou and Jarosz), and also avoids having to explicitly enumerate all possible constraint rankings (in contrast to Jarosz).
While CPR avoids those computational traps, there are still some components of CPR (and of the related work by Tesar) that pose computational difficulties. (1) The focus of CPR on lexical hypotheses for only a pair of related words at a time (a contrast pair) is a vast improvement over simultaneous consideration of all possible lexica, but the space of lexical hypotheses for a single contrast pair still grows exponentially in the number of unset underlying features for the morphemes involved in the pair. (2) The technique of initial lexicon construction, setting in advance features that do not alternate, can restrict further the number of lexical hypotheses that need to be considered, but at the cost of requiring that the learner have a complete paradigm of surface form data before learning of underlying forms can begin. (3) The extraction of ranking information performed by CPR is able to obtain ranking information from contrast pairs for which complete underlying forms have not yet been determined, but also faces exponential computational complexity, due in part to the fact that the procedure is separately computing the ranking implications of each lexical hypothesis in the (exponentially growing) set of possible hypotheses for the contrast pair.
The current paper demonstrates that each of these computational concerns can be significantly improved upon by taking the structure of grammars into greater consideration. The key grammatical structure lies in Tesar's proposal of output-driven map (Tesar 2008). Intuitively, an output-driven map is a phonological map in which all disparities introduced between the input and the output are motivated by conditions on the output. This notion is formalized by the requirement that any grammatical input-output mapping A->C entails the grammaticality of B->C whenever B has 'greater similarity' to C than A does (A->C has every input-output disparity that B->C does, but B->C may lack some disparities of A->C). An output-driven map is necessarily a restricted identity map (Prince and Tesar 2004), meaning that every grammatical form maps to itself, a property assumed to hold of grammars in much learnability work, including that of Merchant. Output-driven maps can be viewed as a strengthened version of restricted identity maps.
The structure of output-driven maps can be exploited in learning via the contrapositive: B~->C entails A~->C. Given a grammatical output C, it is a given that C->C (restricted identity map property). Suppose B has one disparity with C (e.g., they differ in the value of one feature on one segment). If the learner possesses sufficient information to determine that B cannot map to C, then the learner need not bother checking to see if A maps to C; because the map is output-driven, any input which has, relative to C, all of the disparities of B plus additional ones cannot be grammatical. All lexical hypotheses which include all of the disparities of B->C may be dismissed without evaluation. Instead of needing to evaluate all combinations of possible values for all unset features of a word (exponential in the number of unset features), the learner can obtain the same information while only evaluating a single unset feature at a time (linear in the number of unset features), having the other unset features match (temporarily) the values of their output correspondents, addressing concern (1). If a word has eight unset binary features, this means evaluating 8 lexical hypotheses instead of 256. Even greater benefit is realized when obtaining ranking information from forms with unset features, addressing concern (3).
The speed-up realized by exploiting the structure of output-driven maps is significant enough that initial lexicon construction is no longer needed. This frees the learner from needing an entire paradigm before learning commences; the learner can begin learning about underlying forms from even a single datum, addressing concern (2). This algorithm has the notable property that features of underlying forms which cannot be shown to require a particular value remain unset; non-contrastive features are never set, without any need for the learner to separately construct an 'inventory of contrastive features'.The definitive version of this paper is published in NELS 39: Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the North East Linguistic Society (2011
Mothocya lineata Miers 1876, comb. nov.
No full textMothocya lineata (Miers, 1876) comb. nov. Ceratothoa lineata Miers, 1876 a: 227; 1876 b: 105, pl. III, fig. 1.— Filhol, 1885: 448.— Thomson & Chilton, 1886: 153.— Thomson, 1889: 263.— Stebbing, 1902: 58.— Collette, 1974: 19.— Avdeev, 1982 a: 65; 1982 b: 69.—Beumer, Ashburn, Burbury, Jetté & Latham, 1983: 31.— Trilles, 1994: 122. Meinertia lineata.— Hutton, 1904: 262. Codonophilus lineatus.— Nierstrasz, 1931: 132.— Hurley, 1961: 268, 284.— Hewitt & Hine, 1972: 83, 94, 108.— Hine, Jones & Diggles, 2000: 79. Irona melanosticta.— Stephenson, 1969: 427, figs. 1–20; 1976: 167.— Hewitt & Hine, 1972: 94, 108. Mothocya ihi Bruce, 1986: 1166, figs. 47. Excluded (identity not known) Meinertia lineata.— Avdeev, 1978 b: 281 –282. Types and type locality. The holotype is deposited at the Natural History Museum, London (Miers (1876 a; BMNH 1845.61) collected in New Zealand (Hadfield 2012). The holotype of Mothocya ihi Bruce, 1986 is held at the Auckland Institute and Museum (AIM 5370), from the host Hyporhamphus ihi Phillipps, 1932 in New Zealand. Hadfield (2012) described and figured the holotype of Ceratothoa lineata Miers, 1876. Remarks. Mothocya lineata (Miers, 1876 a) has a rounded cephalon anterior margin; narrow body with large coxae on pereonites 5–7; pleon as wide as pereon; rounded pleotelson; and uropods that are elongate and extend to the posterior margin of the pleotelson (Hadfield 2012). This species is known only from Hyporhamphus ihi and is the only known buccal-attaching species within the genus Mothocya. It comes to no surprise that the site attachment and the unique elongate body shape shows convergences to that of other buccal-attaching genera (Bruce 1986), in this case, the species previously synonymised with Ceratothoa. The large rounded coxae (with coxae 5–7 dorsally visible), evenly rounded pleotelson, pleon to a greater degree immersed in pereonite 7 (Bruce 1986) are typical characters of Mothocya, and agrees entirely with the description of Bruce (1986) for Mothocya ihi. The species, having previously been reported on Hyporhampus ihi confirms the identity of the species. Avdeev (1978 b) is the only Australian record of the species from four hosts. As no indication of the locality of the examined specimens, and knowledge that the species is known only from New Zealand from Hyporhamphus ihi, the species is excluded from Australian fauna. Distribution. New Zealand (Miers 1876 a, 1876 b; Thomson 1889). As the host is a species restricted to New Zealand waters, (Collette 1974; Bruce 1986; Froese & Pauly 2013) previous Australian records by Avdeev (1978 b) are here excluded. Hosts. From the mouth of the garfish Hyporhamphus ihi (previously Reporhamphus ihi) (Hewitt & Hine 1972; Hine et al. 2000; Bruce 1986). As the species is host-specific to Hyporhamphus ihi, records from other host are probably misidentifications and here excluded from the synonymy: from the mouth of a “gaurd (gar?) fish” (Thomson 1889); throat of butterfish Odax pullus (J. R. Forster, 1801) (previously Coridodax pullus); from mouth cavity of blue warehou Seriolella brama (Günther, 1860) and Pagrosomus sp. (see Avdeev 1978 b).Published as part of Martin, Melissa B., Bruce, Niel L. & Nowak, Barbara F., 2015, Review of the fish-parasitic genus Ceratothoa Dana, 1852 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cymothoidae) from Australia, with description of two new species, pp. 251-294 in Zootaxa 3963 (3) on page 285, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3963.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/24217
Islamicate cosmopolitan spirit
No full textIn Islamicate Cosmopolitan Spirit, author and expert, Bruce B. Lawrence, delivers a spiritual elan filtered through cultural practices and artefacts. Neither juridical nor creedal, the book expresses a desire for the just and the beautiful. The author sets out an original and fascinating theory, that Islamicate cosmopolitanism marks a new turn in global history. An unceasing, self-critical pursuit of truth, hitched to both beauty and justice, its history is marked by male elites who were scientific exemplars in the pre-modern period
Ceratothoa novaezelandiae Filhol 1885
No full textCeratothoa novaezelandiae Filhol, 1885 Ceratothoa Novae –Zelandiae Filhol, 1885: 449. Meinertia novae –zelandiae.— Hutton, 1904: 262. Codonophilus novae –zeelandiae.— Nierstrasz, 1931: 132. Ceratothoa novae –zelandiae.— Trilles, 1973 b: 1245. Ceratothoa novaezelandiae.— Collette, 1974: 19.— Hadfield, Bruce & Smit, 2014 a: 33. Types and type locality. The male holotype (13 mm; sample 62; MNHN) was collected from Dunedin, New Zealand by Captain Hutton from an unknown host (Filhol 1885). Remarks. Trilles (1973 b) examined what he considered to be the holotype of Ceratothoa novaezelandiae, the specimen data corresponding with that in Filhol’s (1885) description. Trilles (1973 b) stated that C. novaezelandiae was similar to C. trigonocephala and considered the species to be synonymous with C. trigonocephala. Hadfield et al. (2014 a) mentioned that the identity of C. novaezelandiae could not be confirmed and the synonymy with C. trigonocephala was not upheld. Although the holotype of C. novaezelandiae was not examined, we consider that synonymy (Trilles 1973 b) with C. trigonocephala is open to question as the holotype is a male specimen. Ceratothoa novaezelandiae is therefore brought out of synonymy with C. trigonocephala and is here regarded as species inquirenda. Hosts. Unknown. Distribution. Dunedin, New Zealand (Filhol 1885).Published as part of Martin, Melissa B., Bruce, Niel L. & Nowak, Barbara F., 2015, Review of the fish-parasitic genus Ceratothoa Dana, 1852 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cymothoidae) from Australia, with description of two new species, pp. 251-294 in Zootaxa 3963 (3) on pages 286-287, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3963.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/24217
Periclimenes granulimanus Bruce 1978
No full text<i>Periclimenes granulimanus</i> Bruce, 1978 <p> <i>Periclimenes granulimanus</i> Bruce, 1978: 237, Figs. 16–19. <i>—</i> Bruce 1983: 208. — Chace & Bruce 1993: 57.</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Ov. female holotype cl 2.0 mm, MNHNP 2580 (not examined).</p> <p> <b>Material examined.</b> 4 females, St. MAL.16, Indonesia, Moluccas, Ambon, Ambon bay, N coast near Tawiri, 03°42'S 128°06'E; 16.XI.1996; 20 m depth; diving; from <i>Virgularia</i> sp. (Pennatularia); leg. C.H.J.M. Fransen, RMNH D 47551 (examined by C.H.J.M. Fransen).</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> The species, first reported in association with antipatharians from Madagascar, was originally described and illustrated by Bruce (1978). The specific granulation of the major chelipeds is discussed for other <i>Periclimenes</i> -like pontoniine shrimps in the remarks to the original description and, later, by the same author (Bruce 1990) in his comments for <i>Periclimenes tonga</i>. In the latter report, the author pointed out (p. 31) the fact that in <i>P. granulimanus</i>, “the distal propod and dactyl of the ambulatory [leg] appear to form a prehensile mechanism”. The prehensile structures are almost identical to those of <i>P. laevimanus</i> sp. nov., and are more thoroughly discussed in <b>Remarks</b> for <i>P. laevimanus</i> and <i>P. brucei</i> (above), and in the <b>Discussion</b> (below).</p> <p> <i>P. granulimanus</i> is closely similar to <i>P. laevimanus</i> sp. nov. Together with the major cheliped granulation noted above, this species also differs by stouter proportions of the cheliped: the palm is 5 times longer than deep and 3.5 times longer than the fingers, while the porportions are 6.6–8.0 times and 4.0–4.5 times, respectively, in adults of the new species, but in juveniles these relations may be approx. 3.5 and 1.8 times, respectively. The major second pereiopod carpus is subequal to the fingers in the female holotype of <i>P. granulimanus</i>, but approximately 2 times longer in adults of <i>P. laevimanus</i> sp. nov. (subequal in juveniles). The minor chela has 1 and 2 shallow teeth on the cutting edges of the fixed finger and the dactylus, respectively; these are lacking in the new species. No noticeable thoracic sternal structures were encountered in <i>P. laevimanus</i> sp. nov., while a small median tubercle was reported on the fourth and eighth sternites, and a shallow median notch on the fifth to seventh sternites in <i>P. granulimanus</i> (Bruce 1978). The accessory pigment spot and the arthrobranch on the third maxilliped were reported as lacking in the holotype of <i>P. granulimanus,</i> with the latter being possibly lost during dissecting of the holotype (Bruce 1978). Both these structures are present in other species of the <i>P. granulimanus</i> species group discussed in this work. The examination of the RMNH specimens of <i>P. granulimanus</i>, by C.H.J.M. Fransen (pers. comm.), prove that the accessory pigment spot was present as a very small dot, dorsally in the posterior margin of the cornea, but almost indistinguishable from the rest of the cornea. A small 2-lamellate arthrobranch is also present on the third maxilliped.</p> <p> <b>Color.</b> Not reported.</p> <p> <b>Host.</b> Unidentified antipatharian (Bruce 1978); a bushy hydroid, <i>Lytocarpus philippinus</i> (Kirchenpauer), 24 m (Bruce 1981); <i>Virgularia</i> sp. (Pennatularia) – new host, 20 m (Moluccas).</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Tany Kely, northwest Madagascar (type locality); Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia; Ambon, Indonesia - new record.</p>Published as part of <i>Ďuriš, Zdeněk, 2010, Periclimenes laevimanus sp. nov. from Vietnam, with a review of the Periclimenes granulimanus species group (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonidae: Pontoniinae) *, pp. 106-125 in Zootaxa 2372 (1)</i> on page 118, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2372.1.12, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5308119">http://zenodo.org/record/5308119</a>
Collaboration through writing and reading: Exploring possibilities
No full textBetsy Bowen (with A. Rosebery, L. Flower, B. Warren, B. Bruce, M. Kantz & Ann Penrose ) is a contributing author, The problem-solving processes of readers and writers: Similarities and differences , pp. 136-163
Jerarquía maya entre los dioses lacandones.. Anales del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. Num. 47 Tomo XVIII (1965) Sexta Época (1939-1966)
No full textAnónimo a) El Libro de los Libros de Chilam Balam, Trad. por Alfredo Barrera Vásquez y Silvia Rendón. México, 1948.Anónimo b) Popol Vuh, The Sacred Book of the Ancient Quiché Maya, English version by Delia Goetz and Sylvanus G. Morley from the translation of Adrián Recinos. University of Oklahoma Press. Norman, 1950.Bruce S., R. D. a) The Book of Chan Kin. (Inédito).Bruce S., R. D. b) Gramática del Lacandón, Tesis profesional, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia. México, 1965. (lnédito).Landa, Fr. D. de. Relación de las Cosas de Yucatán. México, 1959.Marimon y Tudo, S. Fray Antonio Margil über die Lacandonen, 1695. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, XIV, pp. 130-32. Stuttgart, 1882.Morley, S. G. La Civilización Maya, versión española de Adrián Recinos. México, 1947.Villa Rojas, A. Los Lacandones. (Inédito)
Adolescent Depression
No full textAdolescent Depression The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2013, 21st Edition Contributing Author Bruce Peters, DO Wolters Kluwer-Lippincott Williams & Wilkins A summary and update of adolescent depression diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis
Surgery in Language Learning
No full textA key problem in the learning of phonologies is contending with the interdependence of the mapping and the lexicon. This paper presents an learning algorithm combining an existing procedure for learning restrictive mappings (Biased Constraint Demotion) with inconsistency detection, and illustrates the algorithm using a system of both predictable and lexical stress grammars. The heart of the algorithm's strategy is to respond to the failure of a hypothesis by attempting to modify the mapping first, and only considering modifying the lexicon when altering the mapping proves inadequate. The construction of the mapping via Biased Constraint Demotion involves the accumulation of ranking arguments (winner/loser pairs) which make reference to hypothesized lexical entries. This creates a potential problem when the learner considers altering the lexical entries referred to by the ranking arguments. The proposed algorithm deals with this by altering the list of ranking arguments whenever the lexicon is changed, via a process termed "surgery", so that they accurately reflect the updated lexicon. This process allows the learner to more quickly determine if a proposed change to the lexicon will actually resolve the failure of the preceding hypothesis. Computer simulation results are provided to demonstrate the algorithm's efficiency.The definitive version of this paper was published in WCCFL 22: Proceedings of the 22nd West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics (2003) and is available at http://www.cascadilla.com/wccfl22.htmlTesar, B., Alderete, J., Horwood, Mechant, N., Nishitani, K., & Prince, A. (2003). Surgery in Language Learning. In G. Garding and M.Tsujimura (Eds.), WCCFL 22: Proceedings of the 22nd West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics (pp. 477-490). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press
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